How many types of tribals are there in Odisha? What are the issues and problems of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups?

Odisha is one of the most tribal-rich states in India, known for its diverse and culturally vibrant indigenous communities. These tribes contribute significantly to the state’s heritage, yet many continue to face developmental challenges.

Types of Tribals in Odisha:

  • Odisha officially recognizes 64 Scheduled Tribes, spread across various districts and ecological zones.

  • These include major tribes like the Kondh, Santal, Ho, Saora, Gond, Bhumia, Oraon, Paroja, and Gadaba.

  • Out of these, 13 tribes are classified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) due to their extreme socio-economic disadvantages.

  • The 13 PVTGs in Odisha are:

    • Bonda

    • Birhor

    • Chuktia Bhunjia

    • Didayi

    • Dangaria Kandha

    • Juang

    • Kharia

    • Kutia Kandha

    • Lanjia Saora

    • Lodha

    • Mankidia

    • Paudi Bhuyan

    • Saora




Issues and Problems of PVTGs:

Despite targeted welfare schemes, PVTGs continue to face multi-dimensional vulnerabilities:

  • Geographical Isolation:

    • Most PVTGs live in remote, forested, and hilly areas with poor access to roads, electricity, and basic services.



  • Health Challenges:

    • High prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, and low BMI.

    • Exposure to infectious diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria.

    • Rising cases of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

    • Poor maternal and menstrual health, low immunization rates, and inadequate geriatric care.



  • Educational Backwardness:

    • Literacy rates among PVTGs are significantly lower than the state average.

    • Limited access to schools and culturally relevant education.



  • Economic Vulnerability:

    • Dependence on subsistence agriculture, hunting, and forest gathering.

    • Lack of sustainable livelihood options and market access.



  • Social Marginalization:

    • High levels of alcoholism, tobacco use, and mental health issues.

    • Displacement due to development projects and land alienation.

    • Erosion of traditional knowledge and cultural identity.




Conclusion:

While Odisha has made strides in tribal welfare, the PVTGs remain at the margins of development. Addressing their challenges requires community-based interventions, culturally sensitive healthcare, and inclusive governance that respects their unique way of life.