Q. The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples.
Ans: The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has indeed been a continuous and dynamic process, particularly since the mid-nineteenth century. This reorganization has been driven by various factors, including administrative efficiency, linguistic and cultural considerations, ethnic and regional aspirations, and the need for better governance.
Here are some examples that illustrate this ongoing process:
- British India:
- In the mid-nineteenth century, the British colonial administration initiated administrative reforms that led to the reorganization of provinces and territories. For example, the Bengal Presidency was divided into smaller provinces, and Madras and Bombay Presidencies were similarly reorganized for improved governance.
- Linguistic Reorganization:
- After India gained independence in 1947, there was a significant emphasis on linguistic and cultural considerations in state reorganization. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 led to the creation of states based on linguistic lines. For instance, Andhra Pradesh was formed by separating Telugu-speaking areas from the Madras Presidency.
- Formation of New States:
- Over the years, new states and union territories have been created to accommodate regional aspirations and promote better governance. For example, in 2000, the state of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar to address the unique socio-economic and cultural needs of the Adivasi population.
- Reorganization of Union Territories:
- The status and boundaries of union territories have also been subject to reorganization. For instance, in 2019, Jammu and Kashmir’s special status was revoked, and the region was reorganized into two separate union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.
- Ethnic and Cultural Considerations:
- In the northeastern region of India, reorganization has often been driven by ethnic and cultural considerations. For instance, the state of Nagaland was created to fulfill the aspirations of the Naga people for self-governance and cultural preservation.
- Demand for Separate States:
- Various ethnic, linguistic, and regional groups have demanded separate states to assert their distinct identities and address local issues. The creation of Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh are examples of states formed in response to such demands.
- Administrative Efficiency:
- Reorganization has also been undertaken for administrative efficiency. For example, the creation of separate union territories like Delhi and Puducherry with their legislative assemblies and limited autonomy aimed to improve local governance.
- Redrawing of Boundaries:
- Reorganization has sometimes involved redrawing boundaries to address historical, cultural, and demographic changes. The bifurcation of Punjab to create the states of Punjab and Haryana is an example of boundary realignment.
The process of political and administrative reorganization is ongoing and continues to evolve based on changing social, cultural, economic, and political dynamics. It reflects the complex interplay of identity, governance, and regional aspirations in a diverse and democratic country like India.