Biotic resources are living resources that can be found in nature, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. India is a country with a diverse range of biotic resources, making it one of the world’s most biologically rich countries. The country has a varied topography, including mountains, forests, and grasslands, which provide unique habitats for various species of plants and animals.
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Flora Resources in India
India has a diverse range of flora resources, including around 47,000 plant species. The country is known for its rich flora, including a range of medicinal plants that have been used in traditional Indian medicine for centuries. India’s forests cover around 23% of the country’s total land area, and these forests are home to various plant species, including teak, sal, sandalwood, and bamboo, among others.
Fauna Resources in India
India is also home to a diverse range of fauna resources, including around 90,000 animal species. The country is known for its large population of tigers, elephants, and rhinoceros, among others. India also has a rich birdlife, with around 1,300 species of birds found in the country. The country’s wetlands and coastal areas are home to several species of fish and marine animals.
Microbial Resources in India
India is also known for its rich microbial resources, with a diverse range of microorganisms found in different habitats, including soil, water, and air. Microorganisms play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance and are also used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
Importance of Biotic Resources
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Economic Value: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries depend heavily on biotic resources.
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Ecological Balance: They maintain food chains and contribute to soil fertility, climate regulation, and water purification.
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Cultural and Medicinal Value: Many plants and animals have religious and traditional importance, and some are used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine.
Challenges and Overexploitation
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Deforestation for agriculture and urbanization.
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Overfishing leading to marine ecosystem imbalance.
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Hunting and poaching of wild animals.
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Pollution degrading aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
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Loss of biodiversity due to climate change and habitat destruction.
Conservation of Biotic Resources
India has taken several initiatives to conserve its biotic wealth:
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Protected Areas: Over 100 national parks, 500 wildlife sanctuaries, and numerous biosphere reserves.
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Legal Framework: The Wildlife Protection Act (1972), Forest Conservation Act (1980), and Biodiversity Act (2002).
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Afforestation and Reforestation: Government programs like the Green India Mission.
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Community Initiatives: Sacred groves, community reserves, and involvement of tribal populations in conservation.
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Sustainable Practices: Promoting organic farming, eco-tourism, and responsible harvesting of natural products.
Conclusion
India’s biotic resources are crucial for the country’s ecological balance and the well-being of its people. The country has a diverse range of flora, fauna, and microbial resources, making it one of the world’s most biologically rich countries. However, the protection of these resources poses several challenges, including habitat destruction, poaching, and climate change. To ensure the protection and sustainable use of India’s biotic resources, the country needs to adopt better conservation practices, including the protection of habitats, the regulation of hunting and poaching, and the promotion of sustainable tourism practices.
Read: Geography Notes