Month: August 2025

Truncated spurs are steep-sided cliff formations created when glaciers erode pre-existing interlocking spurs in river valleys. Formation Process Originally, rivers carve V-shaped valleys with interlocking spurs – rock ridges that extend into the valley, forcing water to zigzag around them. During glaciation, valley glaciers move in straight paths down valleys, unlike meandering rivers. The massive …

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With the Battle of Buxar (1764 CE) and the grant of Diwani rights (1765 CE), Bihar, along with Bengal and Orissa, came under the administration of the English East India Company. This marked the beginning of British rule in Bihar, which continued until India’s independence in 1947. Early British Administration After 1765, the Company directly …

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After the decline of the Mughal Empire, Bihar came under the control of the Nawabs of Bengal, who ruled Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa as semi-independent rulers while nominally acknowledging Mughal sovereignty. Rise of the Nawabs In 1717 CE, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar granted the governorship of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to Murshid Quli Khan. The Nawabs …

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The Sur Empire was established by Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan ruler from Sasaram in Bihar, after defeating the Mughals. His reign marked an era of strong administration, economic prosperity, and infrastructure development. Rise of Sher Shah Suri Born as Farid Khan, he earned the title ‘Sher Khan’ after killing a tiger single-handedly. He served …

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The Mughal period in Bihar began after the Battle of Panipat (1526 CE) and the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. Bihar played a strategic role in the Mughal administration due to its fertile land, trade routes, and proximity to Bengal. Early Phase under Babur and Humayun After Babur’s victory at Panipat (1526 CE), …

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After the decline of the Pala Empire, Bihar came under the control of various regional dynasties before the emergence of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughals. The Karnat, Oiniwar, and Khayaravala dynasties played a significant role in the history of medieval Bihar. Karnat Dynasty (1097 CE – 1324 CE) Founded by Nanyadeva, who made …

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The Neolithic Age (around 2500 BCE – 1500 BCE in Bihar) marked the beginning of agriculture, domestication of animals, and use of polished stone tools. In Bihar, several important Neolithic sites have been discovered, showing the gradual transition from hunting-gathering to settled life. Key Features of Neolithic Culture in Bihar Agriculture: People practiced early farming, …

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Vikramshila University was one of the most important centers of Buddhist learning in ancient India, located at Antichak village in Bhagalpur district, Bihar. Along with Nalanda and Odantapuri, it formed a trio of great Buddhist universities in medieval India. Foundation of Vikramshila Founded in the late 8th century CE by Pala king Dharmapala (c. 783–820 …

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Nalanda University, located in present-day Nalanda district of Bihar, was the most renowned ancient center of Buddhist learning in India. It attracted scholars from all over Asia and played a crucial role in the growth, preservation, and spread of Buddhism. Foundation of Nalanda University Established in the 5th century CE during the reign of Kumaragupta …

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