Q. Examine India’s disaster management framework with a specific focus on Odisha’s approach to disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. Evaluate the role of State institutions, policy interventions and community-driven initiatives in disaster risk reduction and suggest strategic measures to strengthen resilience and interagency coordination.
Ans: India’s disaster management framework is governed by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which institutionalizes a multi-tiered approach involving national, state, district, and local levels. It emphasizes a shift from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction, integrating preparedness, mitigation, and resilience-building.
India’s Disaster Management Framework
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Apex body for policy formulation and coordination.
- State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs): Implement state-specific plans and coordinate with districts.
- District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs): Operationalize local preparedness and response.
- Early Warning Systems, Incident Response Teams, and mock drills are key operational tools.
Odisha’s Approach to Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Response
Odisha, prone to cyclones, floods, and heatwaves, has evolved into a global model of disaster resilience:
- Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA): First of its kind in India, established post-1999 Super Cyclone.
- Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters, Early Warning Dissemination Systems (EWDS), and ODRAF units enhance readiness.
- Community-Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP): Empowers locals through training and shelter management committees.
- Integration of disaster education in schools and capacity-building for PRI members and volunteers.
Role of Institutions and Policy Interventions
- OSDMA and SRC coordinate planning, response, and rehabilitation.
- District and Block-level EOCs ensure decentralised action.
- Odisha Climate Change Action Plan aligns DRR with sustainability goals.
- Use of technology (GIS mapping, SATARK app) for real-time alerts and planning.
Strategic Measures to Strengthen Resilience and Coordination
- Expand ODRAF units and upgrade equipment.
- Invest in disaster-resilient infrastructure and housing.
- Enhance interagency coordination through joint drills and integrated command systems.
- Strengthen last-mile connectivity for early warnings in tribal and remote areas.
- Promote nature-based solutions like mangrove restoration and shelterbelt plantations.
In conclusion, Odisha’s adaptive governance and community-centric model offer valuable lessons for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction across India.