BPSC 68th Main Exam Essay Paper [Solved]

BPSC 68th Main Exam Essay Paper

Section I

Write an essay on any one of the following topics in about 700 to 800 words: (100 marks)

1. Forest creates its own trees. It does not wait for the people to throw seeds.
2. Literature is not only a source of knowledge, but also a form of moral and social activity.
3. Perform your obligatory duty because action is indeed better than inaction.
4. Good art should illuminate our experience or reveal truths.

Section II

Write an essay on any one of the following topics in about 700 to 800 words: (100 marks)

5. We are not makers of history, we are made by history.
6. Internet has turned our world into global village.
7. Thought is the base of life.
8. Education seeking change after Covid.

Section III

Write an essay on any one of the following topics in about 700 to 800 words: (100 marks)

9. Dharma ke bina vigyan nangar chhai, vigyan ke bina dharma aanhar chhai.
10. Paani mein machharia, nau-nau kutia bakharaa.
11. Agila khetee aage-aage, pachhila khetee bhage jage.
12. Moos motaihen, lodha hoihen, na hathi, na ghora hoihen.

1. Forest creates its own trees. It does not wait for the people to throw seeds.

“The tree that would grow to heaven must send its roots to hell.” – Friedrich Nietzsche

In the heart of every wilderness lies a profound truth that extends far beyond the realm of botany: forests create their own trees. They do not wait for the benevolent hand of humanity to scatter seeds or nurture saplings. This natural phenomenon serves as a powerful metaphor for self-reliance, independence, and the inherent capacity of systems to sustain and perpetuate themselves without external intervention. The forest’s ability to regenerate through natural succession, seed dispersal by wind and wildlife, and the continuous cycle of death and renewal offers compelling insights into how individuals, communities, and organizations can achieve sustainable growth through internal resources rather than dependence on outside forces.

The forest ecosystem demonstrates remarkable autonomy in its regenerative processes. When a tree falls, it creates gaps in the canopy that allow sunlight to penetrate the forest floor, triggering the germination of seeds that have been dormant in the soil for years, sometimes decades. This seed bank represents the forest’s investment in its future, a biological savings account that ensures continuity even through catastrophic events. Birds, mammals, and wind serve as unwitting partners in this process, dispersing seeds across vast distances, creating new colonies of trees far from their parent plants. The mycorrhizal networks that connect tree roots underground facilitate the sharing of nutrients and information, creating a collaborative infrastructure that supports the entire forest community without requiring human management.

This natural model of self-sufficiency translates powerfully to human endeavors. Individuals who embody the forest principle develop their own internal resources, skills, and capabilities rather than waiting for others to provide opportunities or solutions. They cultivate diverse talents like a forest maintains species diversity, ensuring resilience against unforeseen challenges. Successful entrepreneurs often exemplify this principle, creating businesses from their own vision and determination rather than waiting for perfect conditions or external validation. Communities that practice collective self-reliance build local food systems, develop indigenous technologies, and create economic networks that reduce dependence on distant resources and volatile global markets.

However, the forest metaphor also reveals potential limitations and dangers of excessive self-reliance. Isolated forest patches, cut off from genetic exchange with other forests, can suffer from reduced biodiversity and increased vulnerability to diseases and environmental changes. Similarly, individuals or communities that become too insular may miss out on valuable innovations, perspectives, and resources that external connections provide. The most resilient forests are those connected to larger ecosystems through wildlife corridors and natural pathways that allow for genetic flow and species migration.

Critics of absolute self-reliance argue that it can lead to unnecessary duplication of effort and missed opportunities for beneficial collaboration. Why should every community develop its own solar panel manufacturing when specialization and trade might be more efficient? The forest itself relies on external inputs like rainfall, sunlight, and nutrients from decomposing organic matter that originates beyond its boundaries. Even the most self-sufficient forest participates in larger biogeochemical cycles that span continents and connect all life on Earth.

Furthermore, the romantic notion of forest independence can obscure the reality that even natural systems have been shaped by millennia of co-evolution with other species, including humans. Indigenous peoples have been integral parts of forest ecosystems for thousands of years, using controlled burning, selective harvesting, and other practices that enhanced forest health and productivity. The idea of a completely “natural” forest untouched by human influence is largely a modern Western construct that ignores the deep historical relationships between people and landscapes.

The forest’s example also highlights the importance of timing in self-reliant systems. Seeds don’t germinate randomly but respond to specific environmental cues that signal optimal conditions for growth. Similarly, individuals and organizations must develop the wisdom to know when to rely on internal resources and when to seek external support or collaboration.

After weighing these considerations, I believe the forest’s model of proactive self-generation offers an essential principle for navigating an uncertain world. While collaboration and external support remain valuable, the capacity to create, adapt, and thrive using primarily internal resources provides a foundation of resilience that external dependencies cannot match. The forest teaches us that true sustainability comes not from waiting for ideal conditions or perfect support systems, but from developing the internal capacity to generate our own opportunities and solve our own problems.

The most robust approach combines the forest’s self-reliant spirit with selective, strategic connections to the broader ecosystem. Like a forest that maintains its own regenerative cycles while participating in larger ecological networks, we should cultivate our internal capabilities while remaining open to beneficial external relationships. The forest creates its own trees, but it does so as part of a larger, interconnected web of life. In this balance between independence and interdependence lies the wisdom of both individual empowerment and collective flourishing.

2. Literature is not only a source of knowledge, but also a form of moral and social activity.

“The pen is mightier than the sword,” declared Edward Bulwer-Lytton, encapsulating a truth that has echoed through centuries of human civilization. Literature, in its myriad forms, serves not merely as a repository of accumulated wisdom but as a dynamic force that shapes societies, challenges conventions, and guides moral discourse. This profound assertion invites us to examine whether literature transcends its traditional role as an educational medium to become a catalyst for social transformation and ethical awakening.

Literature undoubtedly functions as an unparalleled source of knowledge, offering readers insights into diverse cultures, historical epochs, and human experiences. Through the pages of classic works like Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” or contemporary novels such as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “Half of a Yellow Sun,” readers traverse continents and centuries, absorbing complex philosophical ideas and understanding the intricacies of human nature. Literary works serve as time capsules, preserving languages, customs, and worldviews that might otherwise vanish into obscurity. The educational value of literature extends beyond mere factual information; it develops critical thinking skills, enhances empathy, and broadens intellectual horizons in ways that traditional academic texts often cannot achieve.

The moral dimension of literature reveals itself through its capacity to challenge ethical boundaries and present readers with complex moral dilemmas. Authors like Harper Lee in “To Kill a Mockingbird” or Victor Hugo in “Les Misérables” created narratives that forced readers to confront uncomfortable truths about justice, prejudice, and human dignity. These works function as moral laboratories where readers can explore the consequences of different ethical choices without real-world repercussions. Literature provides a safe space for examining controversial topics, questioning established norms, and developing personal value systems. The transformative power of literary encounters often leads readers to reconsider their own beliefs and behaviors, making literature an active participant in moral development rather than a passive conveyor of information.

Furthermore, literature serves as a powerful instrument of social activity, mobilizing communities and inspiring movements for change. Throughout history, literary works have sparked revolutions, challenged oppressive systems, and given voice to marginalized populations. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” galvanized anti-slavery sentiment in nineteenth-century America, while Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s “The Gulag Archipelago” exposed the brutal realities of Soviet totalitarianism. Contemporary authors continue this tradition by addressing issues such as climate change, gender inequality, and racial injustice through their narratives. Literature creates shared cultural experiences that unite readers around common causes and foster collective action. Book clubs, literary festivals, and reading campaigns demonstrate how literature builds communities and facilitates social dialogue.

However, the assertion that literature constitutes moral and social activity faces significant challenges. Critics argue that literature can perpetuate harmful stereotypes, reinforce existing power structures, and promote dangerous ideologies. Colonial literature, for instance, often portrayed indigenous populations in derogatory terms, contributing to cultural imperialism and justifying exploitation. Similarly, some classical works contain outdated gender roles and racial prejudices that may negatively influence contemporary readers. The subjective nature of literary interpretation means that the same work can inspire both progressive and reactionary responses, making it difficult to predict or control literature’s social impact.

Additionally, the commercial nature of modern publishing raises questions about literature’s genuine commitment to social change. Publishers may prioritize marketability over meaningful content, leading to the proliferation of superficial works that claim social relevance without offering substantive insights. The rise of popular fiction and entertainment-focused literature suggests that many readers seek escapism rather than moral enlightenment or social engagement. This commodification of literature potentially undermines its capacity to function as authentic moral and social activity.

The accessibility of literature presents another significant challenge. Despite efforts to promote literacy and reading culture, literature remains largely confined to educated, privileged segments of society. The digital divide and economic inequalities limit access to books and literary education, preventing literature from reaching those who might benefit most from its moral and social potential. Without broader accessibility, literature risks becoming an elite activity rather than a truly transformative social force.

Nevertheless, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the view that literature transcends its role as mere knowledge transmission to become a vital form of moral and social activity. The limitations and challenges associated with literary influence do not negate its fundamental capacity to inspire reflection, promote empathy, and motivate action. The key lies in approaching literature with critical awareness and recognizing both its potential benefits and inherent risks.

Literature’s enduring power to move hearts and minds, to challenge injustice and inspire hope, confirms its status as more than an academic subject or entertainment medium. It remains a living force that continues to shape human consciousness and social progress. While we must remain vigilant about literature’s potential for misuse, we cannot deny its remarkable ability to serve as both mirror and lamp, reflecting our world while illuminating paths toward a more just and compassionate future.

3. Perform your obligatory duty because action is indeed better than inaction.

“You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but never to the fruits of action. Never consider yourself the cause of the results of your activities, and never be attached to not doing your duty.” These profound words from the Bhagavad Gita encapsulate one of humanity’s most enduring philosophical debates: the moral imperative to act versus the paralysis of inaction. In a world where individuals often find themselves caught between the comfort of passivity and the burden of responsibility, the ancient wisdom that action is superior to inaction continues to resonate with contemporary relevance.

The philosophy of obligatory duty suggests that human beings possess inherent responsibilities that transcend personal desires and comfort zones. When we examine the fabric of society, we observe that progress, justice, and human advancement have consistently emerged from individuals who chose to act despite uncertainty, fear, or potential failure. Every transformative moment in human history, from the abolition of slavery to the advancement of civil rights, from scientific breakthroughs to social reforms, has been driven by people who understood that remaining passive in the face of injustice or ignorance was itself a moral failing. The duty to act becomes particularly compelling when we consider that our interconnected world means that individual choices ripple outward, affecting countless others who depend on our willingness to engage meaningfully with the challenges before us.

Action, even when imperfect, carries within it the seeds of learning and growth that inaction can never provide. When we engage with our responsibilities, we develop character, build resilience, and acquire wisdom that comes only through experience. The process of acting on our duties, whether they involve professional obligations, family responsibilities, or civic engagement, creates a feedback loop that enhances our capacity for future action. Moreover, action generates momentum, inspiring others to overcome their own inertia and contribute to collective progress. The psychological benefits of fulfilling our duties include increased self-respect, a sense of purpose, and the satisfaction that comes from knowing we have contributed something meaningful to the world rather than simply consuming its resources.

However, the philosophy of mandatory action is not without its critics and potential pitfalls. Blind adherence to duty without careful consideration can lead to harmful consequences, as history has repeatedly demonstrated. The twentieth century provides sobering examples of individuals who claimed to be simply “following orders” or fulfilling their prescribed duties while participating in systems of oppression and genocide. This dark side of dutiful action suggests that the imperative to act must be tempered by moral reasoning, ethical reflection, and a commitment to justice rather than mere compliance. Critics argue that sometimes inaction—or what might be called strategic restraint—represents the more ethical choice, particularly when action might cause harm to others or perpetuate unjust systems.

Furthermore, the pressure to constantly act can lead to burnout, anxiety, and poor decision-making. In our hyperactive contemporary culture, the glorification of busyness and constant productivity can mask a deeper avoidance of thoughtful reflection. Some philosophers argue that periods of contemplation, meditation, and deliberate inaction are essential for developing the wisdom necessary to act effectively when action is truly required. The quality of action, they contend, is more important than the mere quantity of activities undertaken. Additionally, premature or ill-considered action can sometimes make problems worse, suggesting that there are moments when patience and careful observation serve the greater good more effectively than immediate engagement.

The tension between action and inaction also raises questions about individual agency versus systemic constraints. While it is easy to advocate for personal responsibility and dutiful action, critics point out that structural inequalities, resource limitations, and systemic barriers can make meaningful action impossible for many individuals. The privileged position required to act on one’s duties is not equally available to all members of society, making the moral imperative to act potentially discriminatory in its effects if not its intentions.

Despite these valid concerns, the weight of evidence and human experience supports the fundamental wisdom that action remains superior to inaction when properly understood and ethically applied. The key lies not in blind adherence to duty, but in conscious, ethical action informed by compassion, justice, and wisdom. True obligatory duty requires us to think critically about our responsibilities, to act with courage when action serves the greater good, and to accept the consequences of our choices with maturity and accountability.

In our contemporary world, where complex global challenges require collective action and individual responsibility, the ancient principle that action transcends inaction becomes not just philosophical wisdom but practical necessity. Climate change, social inequality, technological disruption, and countless other challenges demand that individuals move beyond passive observation to active engagement. While we must remain vigilant against the dangers of thoughtless action, we cannot allow these concerns to paralyze us into inaction when our duties call us forward. The path of conscious, ethical action—grounded in wisdom, guided by compassion, and committed to justice—represents humanity’s best hope for creating a more equitable and sustainable future.

4. Good art should illuminate our experience or reveal truths.

“Art is the lie that enables us to realize the truth,” declared Pablo Picasso, capturing one of humanity’s most enduring debates about the purpose and value of artistic expression. This provocative statement raises fundamental questions about what constitutes good art and whether its primary obligation is to illuminate human experience or reveal deeper truths about existence.

The argument for art as illumination and truth-revealing carries profound weight in human civilization. Throughout history, the most celebrated works have often served as mirrors reflecting our collective consciousness and windows into universal human experiences. Consider Guernica, where Picasso transformed the horrors of war into a visual language that speaks across cultures and generations. The painting doesn’t merely depict destruction; it illuminates the psychological trauma, the fragmentation of peace, and the brutal reality of modern warfare in ways that historical accounts alone cannot achieve. Similarly, literature like Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird” reveals truths about racial injustice and moral courage, forcing readers to confront uncomfortable realities about society and themselves.

This truth-revealing function of art serves essential purposes in human development and social progress. Art can illuminate experiences that might otherwise remain hidden, giving voice to the voiceless and making the abstract tangible. When Frida Kahlo painted her physical and emotional pain, she revealed truths about suffering, resilience, and identity that medical textbooks could never convey. Her work illuminates the female experience in ways that transcend cultural boundaries and historical periods. Great art often becomes a catalyst for social change, challenging existing power structures and revealing injustices that society might prefer to ignore.

Furthermore, art’s capacity to illuminate complex emotions and experiences provides therapeutic and educational value. When audiences encounter Beethoven’s symphonies, they don’t just hear music; they experience the illumination of human triumph over adversity, the journey from darkness to light that mirrors their own struggles. This truth-revealing aspect of art creates connections between individuals and across time periods, fostering empathy and understanding that pure intellectual discourse often fails to achieve.

However, the proposition that good art must illuminate experience or reveal truths faces significant challenges and limitations. This perspective risks creating a rigid hierarchy that dismisses art forms that prioritize aesthetic beauty, pure entertainment, or abstract expression over explicit truth-telling. Consider the intricate patterns of Islamic geometric art or the flowing abstractions of Jackson Pollock. These works may not reveal specific truths about human experience, yet they possess undeniable artistic merit and cultural significance. They engage viewers on sensory and emotional levels that transcend the need for explicit illumination or truth.

The emphasis on truth-revealing can also lead to art becoming overly didactic or propagandistic. When artists feel compelled to deliver truths or illuminate specific experiences, their work may lose the subtlety, ambiguity, and interpretive richness that often characterizes the most enduring artistic achievements. Art that prioritizes message over form risks becoming mere illustration of ideas rather than authentic creative expression. Some of history’s most powerful art emerges from pure creative impulse, technical mastery, or aesthetic exploration rather than any conscious attempt to reveal truths.

Moreover, the concept of truth itself is subjective and culturally constructed. What illuminates experience for one audience may obscure or misrepresent it for another. Art that claims to reveal universal truths may actually impose specific cultural perspectives or ideological viewpoints. The danger lies in establishing truth-telling as the primary criterion for artistic value, potentially marginalizing diverse voices and experimental forms that don’t conform to conventional truth-revealing expectations.

There’s also the question of art’s entertainment and escapist functions. Popular culture, fantasy literature, and pure aesthetic experiences serve legitimate human needs for joy, wonder, and temporary relief from life’s challenges. These forms of art may not illuminate profound truths, but they fulfill essential psychological and social functions that shouldn’t be dismissed as inferior.

After weighing these considerations, I believe that while good art need not exclusively serve to illuminate experience or reveal truths, the greatest and most enduring artistic achievements typically do engage with human experience in meaningful ways. The key lies not in demanding explicit truth-telling but in recognizing art’s unique capacity to engage with the complexity and depth of human existence. Art achieves its highest potential when it resonates with fundamental aspects of human experience, whether through emotional truth, aesthetic revelation, or the illumination of previously unexamined aspects of life.

The most valuable art often works on multiple levels simultaneously, combining aesthetic beauty with experiential depth. It doesn’t necessarily need to deliver explicit messages or reveal obvious truths, but it should engage meaningfully with the human condition in ways that expand our understanding, deepen our empathy, or enrich our perception of existence. In this sense, good art serves as both mirror and lamp – reflecting our experiences while illuminating new possibilities for understanding and connection.

5. We are not makers of history, we are made by history.

“The past is never dead. It’s not even past,” declared William Faulkner, capturing the profound truth that history lives within us, shapes us, and continues to influence every aspect of our existence. This notion finds its most eloquent expression in the assertion that we are not makers of history, but rather products of the vast tapestry of events, cultures, and circumstances that preceded us. The statement challenges our fundamental understanding of human agency and raises compelling questions about the extent to which we control our destinies versus being controlled by the forces that history has set in motion.

The argument that we are made by history carries substantial weight when we examine the profound ways in which our past shapes our present reality. Our languages, belief systems, social structures, and even our thought patterns are inherited from generations that came before us. The economic systems we operate within, whether capitalist, socialist, or mixed economies, emerged from centuries of evolution, conflict, and adaptation. We did not choose to be born into these systems; rather, we find ourselves navigating structures that were established long before our arrival. Similarly, our cultural values and moral frameworks are deeply rooted in historical traditions, religious movements, and philosophical developments that occurred across millennia. The very concept of individual rights, democracy, and justice that many societies hold dear today are products of historical struggles, revolutions, and intellectual movements that unfolded over centuries.

Furthermore, historical events continue to reverberate through time, shaping contemporary realities in ways that individuals cannot easily alter. The consequences of colonialism, slavery, world wars, and technological revolutions continue to influence global power dynamics, economic inequalities, and social tensions. Those born into privileged positions benefit from historical advantages accumulated over generations, while others face systemic disadvantages rooted in historical injustices. Geographic location, social class, race, and gender—factors largely determined by historical circumstances—significantly influence one’s opportunities, worldview, and life trajectory. In this sense, we appear to be passive recipients of history’s legacy rather than active creators of our own narrative.

However, the opposing perspective argues that humans possess agency and the capacity to actively shape history through their choices, innovations, and collective actions. Throughout time, visionary leaders, revolutionaries, inventors, and ordinary individuals have demonstrated remarkable ability to alter the course of events and transform societies. Martin Luther King Jr. did not simply accept the status quo of racial segregation; instead, he mobilized millions to challenge and ultimately change discriminatory laws and social norms. Similarly, technological innovators like the Wright brothers, Marie Curie, and Steve Jobs fundamentally altered human civilization through their discoveries and inventions. These individuals did not merely respond to historical forces; they actively created new possibilities and directions for humanity.

Moreover, every generation faces unique challenges and opportunities that require fresh solutions and innovative thinking. Climate change, artificial intelligence, space exploration, and genetic engineering present unprecedented situations that cannot be addressed solely through historical precedent. Contemporary movements for social justice, environmental protection, and technological ethics demonstrate that people can actively shape the future rather than simply inherit the past. The very fact that societies evolve, laws change, and new institutions emerge suggests that humans possess the power to transcend historical limitations and create novel paths forward.

The democratic process itself exemplifies human agency in shaping history. When citizens vote, protest, organize, and participate in civic life, they actively influence the direction of their societies. Social media has amplified individual voices, enabling ordinary people to spark global movements and drive significant political and social changes. The Arab Spring, #MeToo movement, and various environmental activism campaigns demonstrate how contemporary individuals can leverage modern tools to challenge existing power structures and create historical change.

However, upon careful consideration, the most accurate perspective recognizes that we exist in a dynamic relationship with history—neither purely passive recipients nor completely autonomous creators. We are shaped by historical forces that provide the context, tools, and constraints within which we operate, yet we retain the capacity to respond creatively to these conditions and influence future developments. History provides the raw materials—language, culture, technology, institutions—but individuals and groups determine how to utilize and transform these inheritances.

Ultimately, we are both made by history and makers of history in a continuous, dialectical process. While we cannot escape the profound influence of our historical inheritance, we possess the responsibility and opportunity to consciously engage with this legacy, critically evaluate its implications, and actively contribute to shaping the historical trajectory for future generations. The question is not whether we are determined by history or free from it, but rather how thoughtfully and purposefully we choose to exercise our agency within the historical context we have inherited.

6. Internet has turned our world into global village.

“The world has become a global village, not because of any natural sympathy or understanding between different cultures, but because of the instantaneous electronic link up of all human activities.” – Marshall McLuhan’s prophetic words from the 1960s have never rung truer than they do today, as the internet has fundamentally transformed our planet into an interconnected digital ecosystem where geographical boundaries have become virtually obsolete.

The internet has revolutionized human communication in ways that were once relegated to science fiction. Today, a farmer in rural India can video-call his children studying in New York, while a small business owner in Kenya can sell handmade crafts to customers in Tokyo through e-commerce platforms. This unprecedented level of connectivity has created opportunities that transcend traditional limitations of distance, time zones, and cultural barriers. The digital revolution has democratized access to information, enabling students in remote villages to attend online lectures from prestigious universities, and empowering entrepreneurs worldwide to reach global markets without the need for physical presence or massive capital investments.

Social media platforms have become the town squares of our global village, where people from diverse backgrounds share experiences, celebrate achievements, and support each other during crises. During natural disasters or global emergencies, the internet serves as a lifeline, coordinating relief efforts, reuniting families, and spreading crucial information faster than any traditional communication method. The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified this phenomenon, as the internet became the backbone of remote work, online education, telemedicine, and social connection when physical interaction was restricted.

The economic implications of our digital global village are profound. Cross-border collaboration has become seamless, with teams spanning multiple continents working together on projects in real-time. Small businesses can now compete with multinational corporations by leveraging digital marketing, cloud computing, and online payment systems. The gig economy has flourished, allowing individuals to offer their skills and services to a worldwide clientele, creating new forms of employment and economic independence that were previously unimaginable.

However, this digital transformation has not been without its shadows. The same technology that connects us has also created new forms of digital divides and inequalities. While urban areas enjoy high-speed internet and advanced digital infrastructure, rural and economically disadvantaged communities often remain disconnected, creating a two-tiered society where access to information and opportunities depends on geographical and economic circumstances. This connectivity gap perpetuates existing inequalities and creates new forms of social stratification.

The global village concept has also facilitated the rapid spread of misinformation and disinformation, which can have devastating consequences on democratic processes, public health, and social cohesion. The same networks that enable instant communication also allow false information to spread like wildfire, often outpacing fact-checking efforts and creating echo chambers where people are exposed only to information that confirms their existing beliefs. Cybersecurity threats have become increasingly sophisticated, with malicious actors exploiting the interconnected nature of our digital world to commit fraud, steal personal data, and disrupt critical infrastructure.

Privacy concerns have intensified as our digital footprints expand across multiple platforms and services. The surveillance capitalism model employed by many tech companies means that our personal data has become a valuable commodity, often without our explicit understanding or consent. Government surveillance capabilities have also expanded dramatically, raising questions about the balance between security and privacy in our interconnected world.

Cultural homogenization represents another concerning aspect of the global village phenomenon. While the internet has enabled cultural exchange and appreciation, it has also led to the dominance of certain languages and cultures, particularly English and Western perspectives, potentially threatening the diversity that makes our world rich and vibrant. Local traditions, languages, and customs may be overshadowed by globally dominant digital cultures.

The mental health implications of constant connectivity cannot be overlooked. The pressure to maintain an online presence, the addiction to social media validation, and the overwhelming flow of information have contributed to rising levels of anxiety, depression, and social isolation, particularly among younger generations. The paradox of feeling more connected yet more alone has become a defining characteristic of our digital age.

Despite these significant challenges, the transformative power of the internet in creating a global village represents one of humanity’s greatest achievements. The benefits of instantaneous communication, access to information, economic opportunities, and cultural exchange far outweigh the drawbacks, provided we address the associated challenges thoughtfully and proactively. The solution lies not in retreating from our digital connectivity but in developing better frameworks for digital literacy, privacy protection, equitable access, and responsible technology use.

The internet has indeed turned our world into a global village, and this transformation is irreversible. Our responsibility now is to ensure that this village becomes a place where digital citizenship is practiced with wisdom, where technology serves humanity rather than enslaving it, and where the benefits of global connectivity are shared equitably across all communities. The future of our global village depends on our collective ability to harness the power of the internet while mitigating its risks, creating a digital world that reflects our highest aspirations for human connection and collaboration.

7. Thought is the base of life.

“I think, therefore I am” – Rene Descartes’ profound declaration captures the essence of human existence in its purest form. This simple yet revolutionary statement suggests that our very being is fundamentally rooted in our capacity to think, to reflect, and to contemplate our place in the universe. The proposition that thought serves as the foundation of life is not merely philosophical rhetoric but a principle that shapes every aspect of human experience, from our most basic survival instincts to our loftiest creative achievements.

At its core, thought represents the driving force behind human progress and civilization. Every technological marvel we witness today, from the smartphone in our pocket to the spacecraft exploring distant galaxies, began as a mere thought in someone’s mind. The cognitive processes that distinguish humans from other species have enabled us to build complex societies, develop intricate languages, and create art that transcends temporal boundaries. When we examine the trajectory of human development, it becomes evident that our ability to think abstractly, plan for the future, and learn from the past has been the cornerstone of our survival and prosperity.

The transformative power of thought extends beyond material achievements into the realm of personal development and self-actualization. Our thoughts shape our perceptions, influence our emotions, and ultimately determine our actions. The ancient wisdom that suggests “as a man thinketh, so is he” reflects a timeless truth about the intimate relationship between mental activity and life outcomes. Positive thinking patterns can lead to enhanced well-being, improved relationships, and greater success in various endeavors. Conversely, negative thought patterns often manifest as self-limiting beliefs that constrain our potential and diminish our quality of life.

Furthermore, thought serves as the catalyst for moral and ethical development. Our capacity for moral reasoning, empathy, and ethical judgment emerges from our ability to think critically about right and wrong, to consider the consequences of our actions, and to understand the perspectives of others. The great philosophical and religious traditions throughout history have emphasized the importance of contemplative thought in achieving spiritual growth and moral enlightenment. Without the ability to reflect on our values and examine our conscience, human society would lack the moral framework necessary for peaceful coexistence.

However, the assertion that thought is the base of life is not without its significant limitations and potential dangers. An overemphasis on rational thinking can lead to the neglect of emotional intelligence and intuitive wisdom. Some of life’s most meaningful experiences – love, joy, wonder, and spiritual connection – often transcend rational thought and exist in the realm of feeling and sensation. The analytical mind, while powerful, can sometimes become a prison that prevents us from fully experiencing the richness of life’s emotional and sensory dimensions.

Moreover, excessive thinking can become counterproductive and even harmful. The modern epidemic of anxiety and depression is often linked to overthinking, rumination, and the inability to quiet the mind. When thoughts become obsessive or predominantly negative, they can create a cycle of mental suffering that diminishes rather than enhances life experience. The Buddhist concept of “monkey mind” illustrates how uncontrolled thinking can lead to restlessness and dissatisfaction, suggesting that sometimes the cessation of thought, rather than its cultivation, is necessary for well-being.

Additionally, pure thought without action remains merely abstract speculation. History is littered with brilliant thinkers whose ideas never translated into tangible benefits for humanity because they lacked the practical skills or motivation to implement their visions. The gap between thinking and doing represents a crucial limitation in considering thought as the ultimate foundation of life. Physical action, emotional engagement, and social interaction are equally vital components of a fulfilling existence.

The relationship between thought and instinct also challenges the supremacy of rational thinking. Many of our most essential life functions – breathing, digesting food, healing from injuries – occur without conscious thought. Our survival instincts, emotional responses, and creative inspirations often emerge from unconscious processes that operate independently of deliberate thinking. This suggests that while thought is undeniably important, it may be more accurate to view it as one crucial element in a complex system rather than the singular foundation of life.

Despite these limitations, I firmly believe that thought remains the primary catalyst that elevates human existence above mere biological survival. While emotions, instincts, and physical experiences are essential components of life, it is our capacity for reflective thought that enables us to find meaning, create purpose, and continuously evolve as individuals and as a species. The key lies not in viewing thought as the exclusive base of life, but in recognizing it as the central organizing principle that helps us integrate all aspects of human experience into a coherent and purposeful existence. Thought, when balanced with emotion, action, and intuition, becomes the guiding light that illuminates the path toward a truly fulfilling life.

8. Education seeking change after Covid.

“The beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you,” said B.B. King, yet the COVID-19 pandemic nearly did just that for millions of students worldwide. As schools shuttered their doors and classrooms fell silent, education found itself at an unprecedented crossroads, forced to reimagine its very foundations in ways that would have been unthinkable just months earlier.

The pandemic served as an unexpected catalyst for educational transformation, accelerating changes that might have taken decades to implement. When traditional brick-and-mortar institutions became inaccessible overnight, educators, students, and families had no choice but to embrace digital learning platforms with remarkable speed and creativity. This mass migration to online education revealed both the incredible adaptability of human nature and the stark inequalities that plague our educational systems.

On the positive side, the shift to remote learning opened doors that had previously remained closed to many students. Geographic barriers dissolved as students could access world-class lectures from renowned professors thousands of miles away. The democratization of knowledge reached new heights as educational content became more accessible than ever before. Students with physical disabilities or social anxieties found themselves thriving in virtual environments where they could learn at their own pace without the pressures of traditional classroom dynamics. Parents gained unprecedented insight into their children’s learning processes, becoming active partners in education rather than distant observers.

The pandemic also accelerated the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies that had been slowly gaining traction in progressive educational circles. Flipped classrooms, where students engage with content at home and apply knowledge during class time, became the norm rather than the exception. Personalized learning paths emerged as teachers utilized data analytics to tailor instruction to individual student needs. The integration of artificial intelligence and adaptive learning technologies progressed rapidly, offering students customized educational experiences that responded to their unique learning styles and paces.

Furthermore, the crisis highlighted the importance of life skills education that traditional curricula often overlooked. Students developed digital literacy, time management, and self-directed learning capabilities that will serve them throughout their lives. The emphasis shifted from rote memorization to critical thinking and problem-solving, as educators realized that adaptability and resilience were far more valuable than memorizing facts that could be easily googled.

However, the transition was far from seamless, and the negative consequences were equally profound. The digital divide became a chasm, separating students who had access to reliable internet connections and modern devices from those who did not. Millions of children from low-income families found themselves excluded from education entirely, widening existing achievement gaps and threatening to create a lost generation of learners. The absence of face-to-face interaction took a significant toll on students’ social and emotional development, as they missed crucial opportunities to develop interpersonal skills, form friendships, and learn from diverse peer groups.

Teachers, thrust into unfamiliar territory without adequate preparation or support, struggled to maintain engagement and motivation among students who were dealing with unprecedented stress and uncertainty. The mental health crisis among young people intensified as isolation, anxiety, and depression rates soared. Many students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, lacked the home environment conducive to learning, facing distractions, inadequate study spaces, and family responsibilities that interfered with their education.

The quality of education also suffered in many instances, as the human element that makes learning meaningful was difficult to replicate through screens. Laboratory experiments, hands-on projects, group discussions, and extracurricular activities – all essential components of a holistic education – were either eliminated or severely compromised. The assessment and evaluation methods struggled to adapt, raising questions about academic integrity and the true measurement of student learning.

As we move forward, education stands at a critical juncture where the lessons learned during the pandemic must be carefully integrated into a hybrid model that combines the best of both digital and traditional approaches. The future of education should not be about choosing between online and offline learning, but rather about creating flexible, inclusive systems that leverage technology while preserving the irreplaceable value of human connection.

The path forward requires substantial investment in digital infrastructure, teacher training, and support systems that ensure no student is left behind. We must harness the innovative potential unleashed by the pandemic while addressing the inequalities it exposed. Education after COVID should be more personalized, more accessible, and more relevant to the challenges of the 21st century, but it must never lose sight of its fundamental purpose: nurturing human potential and preparing students not just for jobs, but for meaningful, fulfilling lives in an interconnected world.