The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 had a profound impact on India’s freedom struggle. It intensified nationalist demands, sharpened communal divides, and paved the way for the final phase of independence.
Background
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On 3rd September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany.
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Without consulting Indian leaders, the Viceroy unilaterally declared India a participant in the war.
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Congress opposed this decision and demanded a clear promise of independence after the war in return for cooperation.
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The British refusal led to the resignation of Congress ministries (October 1939).
Political Developments
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The Muslim League supported the British, using the opportunity to strengthen its position.
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It observed Deliverance Day (22 December 1939) to celebrate the fall of Congress ministries.
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In March 1940, the League passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate homeland (later known as Pakistan Resolution).
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The British, realizing the need for Indian cooperation, announced constitutional offers:
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August Offer (1940) promising expansion of councils.
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Cripps Mission (1942) offering Dominion Status after the war.
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Wavell Plan (1945) to resolve political deadlock.
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Economic Impact
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India became a major supplier of troops, raw materials, and food grains for the British war effort.
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Heavy taxation, inflation, and shortages led to widespread suffering.
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The devastating Bengal Famine (1943) caused millions of deaths, fueling resentment against British rule.
Nationalist Response
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Congress launched the Individual Satyagraha (1940) to assert the right to free speech against the war.
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Later, the Quit India Movement (1942) became the most powerful mass struggle, demanding immediate independence.
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Meanwhile, Subhas Chandra Bose took a militant path, organizing the Indian National Army (INA) with Axis support.
Significance
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The war exposed the weakness of British imperialism as they relied heavily on Indian resources.
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It gave the Muslim League the chance to rise as a powerful force, pressing for Pakistan.
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Congress’s mass movements, though suppressed, strengthened the demand for complete independence.
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The war drained Britain’s economy, making it difficult to hold on to India after 1945.
Key Takeaway
The Second World War acted as a catalyst for India’s independence movement. While it deepened divisions between Congress and the Muslim League, it also forced the British to realize that sustaining their empire in India was no longer possible.