| #3576 |
What is the critical angle? |
The minimum angle of incidence in the denser medium for which TIR occurs |
| #3577 |
What is total internal reflection (TIR)? |
Complete reflection of light inside a denser medium when incidence angle exceeds critical angle |
| #3578 |
What is the refractive index? |
Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in a medium, n = c/v |
| #3579 |
What is refraction of light? |
Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another |
| #3580 |
What is the law of reflection? |
Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, and incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane |
| #3581 |
What is reflection of light? |
Bouncing back of light from a surface |
| #3582 |
What is the nature of light? |
Light exhibits both wave and particle properties (wave-particle duality) |
| #3583 |
How does sound propagate in different media? |
Faster in solids, slower in gases, intermediate in liquids |
| #3584 |
How do thermodynamics laws apply to engines and refrigerators? |
First law: energy conservation; Second law: efficiency limits, heat flow direction |
| #3585 |
How is work done by a gas in thermodynamics calculated? |
W = PΔV, pressure × change in volume |
| #3586 |
Can phase changes occur without temperature change? |
Yes, as in melting, boiling, or condensation |
| #3587 |
How is specific heat capacity used in calorimetry? |
To calculate heat exchange and temperature change in experiments |
| #3588 |
How does heat transfer differ in solids, liquids, and gases? |
Conduction dominates in solids, convection in liquids and gases, radiation occurs in all mediums |
| #3589 |
What are applications of infrasound? |
Detection of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and monitoring animal communication |
| #3590 |
What is infrasound? |
Sound waves with frequency below 20 Hz, below human hearing |
| #3591 |
What are applications of ultrasound? |
Medical imaging, cleaning, sonar, and industrial flaw detection |
| #3592 |
What is ultrasound? |
Sound waves with frequency above 20 kHz, beyond human hearing |
| #3593 |
Give an example of the Doppler Effect in daily life. |
Ambulance siren sounds higher-pitched as it approaches and lower-pitched as it moves away |
| #3594 |
What is the Doppler Effect? |
Change in frequency or pitch of a sound due to relative motion between source and observer |
| #3595 |
What is the speed of sound in air at room temperature? |
Approximately 343 m/s |
| #3596 |
What determines the quality of a sound? |
Harmonic content and waveform of the sound |
| #3597 |
What determines the loudness of a sound? |
Amplitude of the sound wave |
| #3598 |
What determines the pitch of a sound? |
Frequency of the sound wave |
| #3599 |
What are the characteristics of sound? |
Pitch, Loudness, and Quality (Timbre) |
| #3600 |
What is a sound wave? |
Longitudinal wave caused by vibration of particles in a medium |