| #3601 |
What is entropy? |
Measure of disorder or randomness in a system |
| #3602 |
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics (basic)? |
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body; entropy of the universe always increases |
| #3603 |
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? |
Change in internal energy of a system equals heat added minus work done by the system, ΔU = Q – W |
| #3604 |
What are the common phase changes? |
Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation |
| #3605 |
What is latent heat? |
Heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a change in temperature |
| #3606 |
What is specific heat capacity? |
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K, c = Q/(mΔT) |
| #3607 |
What is radiation? |
Transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves without the need for a medium |
| #3608 |
What is convection? |
Transfer of heat through the movement of fluid particles |
| #3609 |
What is conduction? |
Transfer of heat through a medium without the movement of the medium itself |
| #3610 |
What is the SI unit of heat? |
Joule (J) |
| #3611 |
What is heat? |
Energy transferred from one body to another due to temperature difference |
| #3612 |
What are the common temperature scales? |
Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K) |
| #3613 |
What is the SI unit of temperature? |
Kelvin (K) |
| #3614 |
What is temperature? |
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance |
| #3615 |
What is the role of plasma in daily life? |
Fluorescent lamps, plasma TVs, and fusion research |
| #3616 |
How is relative density measured experimentally? |
Using a hydrometer or by comparing mass of equal volumes |
| #3617 |
What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation? |
Elastic returns to original shape; plastic causes permanent deformation |
| #3618 |
Can solids also exhibit elasticity? |
Yes, as long as the stress is within the elastic limit |
| #3619 |
How does viscosity affect fluid flow? |
Higher viscosity means slower flow and more resistance |
| #3620 |
How does capillarity help plants? |
Draws water from roots to leaves through narrow xylem tubes |
| #3621 |
How does surface tension affect liquid droplets? |
Causes them to form spherical shapes to minimize surface area |
| #3622 |
What is the principle behind hydraulic lifts? |
Pascal’s Law, pressure applied at one point is transmitted to lift heavy loads |
| #3623 |
What determines whether an object floats or sinks? |
Its density relative to the density of the fluid |
| #3624 |
How does pressure vary with depth in a fluid? |
Pressure increases with depth, P = P₀ + ρgh |
| #3625 |
What is shear modulus? |
Ratio of tangential stress to tangential strain |