Q. What are the five ‘P’s in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? Explain briefly. Ans: The five ‘P’s—People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership—form the foundational pillars of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations. They represent a holistic framework that integrates social, environmental, economic, and institutional dimensions of development. 1. People Focuses …

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Q. “Disaster Risk Reduction is everybody’s business.” Discuss with evidence. Ans: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) refers to strategies aimed at minimizing vulnerabilities and disaster risks through proactive planning, preparedness, and resilience-building. The assertion that DRR is “everybody’s business” reflects the need for multi-stakeholder engagement, as disasters affect all segments of society and require collective action …

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Q. What were the reasons for the rapid growth of the Industrial Revolution in Europe? Discuss in the context of the relative absence of modern industrialisation in the prosperous lands of India and China till the 19th century. Ans: The Industrial Revolution in Europe, particularly in Britain, was driven by a unique convergence of economic, …

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Q. What is secularism? In what ways is it compatible with the multicultural, multi-religious ethos practiced by India across the ages? Ans: Secularism is the principle of separating religion from the State, ensuring that governance is neutral, inclusive, and non-discriminatory toward all faiths. In the Indian context, secularism does not imply indifference to religion but …

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Q. How would a Union of States be different from a Federation of States? Discuss (a) In the context of the Constitutional position in India that India is a Union. (b) In contrast with the causes and consequences of the American Civil War through which the Union was forced onto the Confederacy. Ans: A Union …

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Q. Throw light on the role of Jayi Rajaguru and Buxi Jagabandhu in resisting British control and inspiring people during the National Movement. Ans: Jayi Rajaguru and Buxi Jagabandhu were pioneering figures in Odisha’s early resistance against British colonial rule. Their leadership in the Khurda Rebellion (1804–05) and the Paika Rebellion (1817) respectively laid the …

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Q. “Extremism in politics seldom achieves positive results.” Discuss in the context of the Indian National Movement. Ans: The Indian National Movement witnessed a significant ideological shift with the rise of extremist leaders in the early 20th century. While extremism injected urgency and mass mobilization into the freedom struggle, its outcomes were mixed, highlighting both …

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Q. What were the major changes that Mahatma Gandhi brought in public life in India? Ans: Mahatma Gandhi’s entry into Indian public life marked a transformational shift in the nature of political engagement, social reform, and ethical leadership. He redefined the freedom struggle by making it mass-based, morally anchored, and inclusive of marginalized voices. Major …

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Q. Outline the significance of Bhitarkanika National Park. Ans: Bhitarkanika National Park, located in Kendrapara district of Odisha, is one of India’s most ecologically rich and culturally significant protected areas. Spread over 145 sq. km, it forms the core of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 672 sq. km, and is recognized as India’s second-largest …

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Q. Do you think sustainable development goal targets are achievable? If yes, how are we going to achieve it? If not, what are the obstacles to achieve it? Ans: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are ambitious global targets adopted by the United Nations to be achieved by 2030, aiming to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality, and …

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