The INA (Indian National Army) trials, held between 1945 and 1946, were a watershed moment in India’s freedom struggle, significantly accelerating the process of Indian Independence. These trials, conducted at the Red Fort, involved prominent INA officers such as Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, who were charged with treason, murder, …

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Alekha or Mahima Dharma, a monotheistic religious movement that emerged in 19th-century Odisha, represents a powerful blend of spiritual asceticism and social reform. Founded by Mahima Swami, the sect challenged ritualism, caste discrimination, and idol worship, promoting instead a path of purity, simplicity, and truth. At its core, Alekha Dharma centers around the worship of …

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Mahameghavahana Kharavela, the illustrious ruler of Kalinga in the 1st century BCE, is renowned for his cultural and artistic contributions to ancient India. His reign is primarily known through the Hathigumpha inscription near Bhubaneswar, which offers rich insights into his progressive patronage of art, architecture, and religion. Kharavela’s support for Jainism is notable, though he …

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Group-A (Attempt 10 out of 12), 15 marks each, Word limit: 250 Q1. Analyze the cultural achievements of Mahameghavahana Kharavela. Q2. Discuss the main principles of Alekha or Mahima Dharma. Q3. What role did the INA trials play in facilitating the process of Indian Independence? Q4. Give an outline of the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal …

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1. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of ‘New Criminal Laws’ enacted by the Indian Parliament? The new criminal law ‘Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita’ came into effect from April 1, 2023. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita replaced the Indian Penal Code. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam came into effect from July 1, 2024. The Bharatiya Nyaya …

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The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, represents one of Earth’s most fundamental and dynamic processes. This continuous movement of water through the atmosphere, land, and oceans has operated for billions of years, shaping our planet’s climate, ecosystems, and geological features. Understanding the water cycle is crucial for comprehending weather patterns, climate change, …

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Bihar is predominantly characterized by the fertile alluvial plains of the Ganges basin, it is also home to a number of lesser-known but geologically and culturally significant hill systems. However, the southern and southwestern parts of the state are punctuated by a series of low-lying hills and ranges. These features, which represent some of the …

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Fundamental units are the basic units of measurement defined by a system of physical quantities. These units are independent and cannot be derived from any other units. All other units (called derived units) are formed by combining these fundamental units. Fundamental Units In SI System (International System of Units), the 7 Fundamental Units are: What …

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