The Desai–Liaqat Pact was a political understanding attempted between Congress and the Muslim League in early 1945, just before the Simla Conference. It was an effort to find a common ground for cooperation, but it remained unofficial and unsuccessful. Background After the failure of the Gandhi–Jinnah Talks (1944), political deadlock continued. The British were preparing …
The Gandhi–Jinnah Talks of 1944 were held to resolve the deadlock between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on the issue of independence and Pakistan. Despite high hopes, the talks failed and widened the gulf between the two parties. Background The failure of the Cripps Mission (1942) and suppression of the Quit India …
The C. Rajagopalachari Formula, popularly called the C.R. Formula, was an attempt to resolve the political deadlock between the Congress and the Muslim League during the Second World War. Background By 1944, the demand for Pakistan had gained momentum under the Muslim League. The Quit India Movement (1942) had been suppressed, and Congress leaders were …
The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Revolution, was the last and most intense mass movement launched by the Congress under Mahatma Gandhi during India’s freedom struggle. It was a direct call for the end of British rule in India. Background Failure of the Cripps Mission (1942) to provide real constitutional concessions. Growing …
The Two-Nation Theory and the Lahore Resolution of 1940 marked a turning point in Indian politics, laying the foundation for the eventual partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. Two-Nation Theory Originally articulated by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in the late 19th century, strengthened by Allama Iqbal’s 1930 Allahabad Address, and fully championed by …
With the Second World War intensifying and Japan advancing towards India, the British government urgently needed Indian cooperation. To secure this, the Cripps Mission was sent in March 1942, headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the British War Cabinet. Proposals of the Cripps Mission After the war, India would be granted Dominion Status …
After the rejection of the August Offer (1940), the Congress under Gandhi decided to launch a limited movement to protest India’s forced involvement in the Second World War without Indian consent. Instead of a mass struggle, Gandhi opted for Individual Satyagraha to keep the movement peaceful and controlled. Objectives To affirm Indians’ right to free …
With the outbreak of the Second World War, the British needed Indian support but faced growing nationalist opposition. To win Indian cooperation, the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow announced the August Offer on 8th August 1940. Provisions of the August Offer The promise to set up a representative body after the war to frame the new Constitution …
The year 1940 marked a decisive turning point in Indian politics with the formal articulation of the Two-Nation Theory by the Muslim League and the adoption of the Lahore Resolution, laying the foundation for the creation of Pakistan. Two-Nation Theory Propounded by Muhammad Iqbal (1930 Allahabad Address) and later championed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It …
The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 had a profound impact on India’s freedom struggle. It intensified nationalist demands, sharpened communal divides, and paved the way for the final phase of independence. Background On 3rd September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. Without consulting Indian leaders, the Viceroy unilaterally declared India a participant …