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The four objectives of humankind narrated by Deendayal Upadhyaya are: 1. Dharma (moral duties) 2. Artha (wealth) 3. Kama (desire or satisfaction) 4. Moksha (total liberation or ‘salvation’) Upadhyaya believed that these four objectives are hierarchically organized, with dharma being the most basic and moksha being the ultimate objective. He also believed that these objectives …

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The media plays a crucial role in elections by serving as a primary source of information and communication between political candidates, parties, and the electorate. Its role encompasses various dimensions that impact the electoral process and democracy as a whole: Informative Role: The media acts as a critical source of information for voters. It disseminates …

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Self-help groups (SHGs) offer several advantages to their members, especially in the context of socio-economic development and empowerment. Some of the major advantages of self-help groups include: Financial Inclusion: SHGs often provide financial services to their members, including savings and credit facilities. Members pool their savings, which can be used to provide loans to members …

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The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 introduced significant changes to local governance in India by adding a new Part IX to the Constitution, which specifically deals with Panchayati Raj institutions. Three salient features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act are: Decentralization of Power: One of the central features of the 73rd Amendment is the …

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Voting behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, but here are four key determining factors: Political Affiliation and Party Loyalty: Political ideology and party loyalty are significant determinants of voting behavior. Individuals who strongly identify with a particular political party are more likely to vote for candidates from that party, regardless of the …

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NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is a policy think tank and planning body in India that focuses on two major categories of activities: Formulating Policies and Strategies: NITI Aayog plays a crucial role in formulating long-term policies and strategies for the development of the country. It engages in extensive research, analysis, and consultations …

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The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in India employs various methods of recruitment for filling vacancies in government positions. Two prominent methods of recruitment used by UPSC are: Civil Services Examination (CSE): The Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious and competitive recruitment processes conducted by UPSC. It is used to select candidates …

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The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution provide guidelines and principles for the government to follow in shaping its policies and legislation. The basic rationale behind the DPSP can be understood as follows: Social and Economic Justice: One of the primary rationales behind the DPSP is to promote social and economic …

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The Indian Constitution guarantees several aspects of liberty to its citizens. Here are four key aspects of liberty described in the Indian Constitution: Personal Liberty (Article 21): Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.” This …

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The Preamble to the Constitution of India lays down the foundational principles and objectives of the Indian state. It begins with the words “We, the people of India,” and outlines the following key elements: Sovereign: India is declared a sovereign nation, which means that it is independent and free from the control or influence of …

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