The First World War (1914–1918) was a turning point in Indian history. It exposed the weaknesses of British rule, created economic hardships, and at the same time, gave rise to new hopes of self-government. The war period witnessed increasing political activity, radical movements, and the growth of mass nationalism in India.
Background
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Britain declared India a participant in the war without consulting Indians.
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Indian leaders initially supported Britain, believing their loyalty would be rewarded with political concessions.
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About 13 lakh Indian soldiers fought overseas for the British, and India bore heavy financial and resource burdens.
Impacts of the War on India
Economic Impact
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Heavy war expenditure led to high taxation, rising prices, and food shortages.
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Industries such as cotton, jute, steel, and chemicals expanded to meet war needs, creating a new industrial working class.
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Peasants and workers suffered severe hardships due to inflation and forced recruitment.
Political Impact
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Indian leaders expected self-government as a reward for their support.
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Moderates like Gopal Krishna Gokhale had earlier relied on reforms, but now the demand for Swaraj (self-rule) became stronger.
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The Congress and Muslim League came closer during this period, preparing for future cooperation.
Rise of Nationalist Movements
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The Home Rule Movement (1916) led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant was directly influenced by the war situation.
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Revolutionary activities revived, with organizations like the Ghadar Party attempting armed uprisings.
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Nationalist leaders realized that Britain was vulnerable and India must press for greater rights.
International Influence
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The defeat of Russia and revolutionary movements in Europe inspired Indian revolutionaries.
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The principles of self-determination, advocated by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, encouraged Indian nationalists.
British Response
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To pacify Indian demands, the British announced the Montagu Declaration (1917), promising “gradual development of self-governing institutions in India.”
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However, this vague promise disappointed nationalists and set the stage for further struggle.
Key Takeaway
The First World War intensified India’s political awakening. While it brought economic misery and social unrest, it also created opportunities for the growth of industries, working-class politics, revolutionary activities, and demands for Swaraj. Most importantly, it prepared the ground for mass movements under Mahatma Gandhi, who soon emerged as the leader of the national struggle.