Rise of Marathas – Administration of Shivaji – Peshwas.

The Marathas emerged as a powerful force in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji Maharaj. They challenged the Mughal Empire and later established a confederacy under the leadership of the Peshwas, becoming the dominant power in India until their decline in the late 18th century.

Rise of the Marathas

• The decline of the Mughal Empire created opportunities for regional powers.

• The Deccan region, with its rugged terrain, gave the Marathas a natural defensive advantage.

• The growth of bhakti movements, particularly the teachings of Saints like Tukaram, Ramdas, and Eknath, inspired unity and resistance against oppression.

• Shivaji (1627–1680) rose as the leader of the Marathas, founding a strong kingdom based on military skill, efficient administration, and popular support.

Administration of Shivaji

• Central Administration: Shivaji assumed the title of Chhatrapati and established a strong monarchy.

• Council of Ministers (Ashtapradhan): Assisted Shivaji in governance. It included:

  • Peshwa – Prime Minister.

  • Amatya – Finance Minister.

  • Sachiv – Secretary.

  • Mantri – Chronicler.

  • Senapati – Military Commander.

  • Sumant – Foreign Affairs.

  • Nyayadhish – Chief Justice.

  • Panditrao – Religious Head.

• Military System:

  • Strong infantry and cavalry instead of relying only on feudal levies.

  • Built a powerful navy to control the western coast and protect trade.

  • Introduced guerrilla warfare tactics (Ganimi Kava) using hill forts and fast-moving cavalry.

• Revenue System:

  • Land revenue based on proper measurement of land.

  • Collected Chauth (25% tax on neighboring states) and Sardeshmukhi (10% additional tax) from areas under his influence.

• Justice and Law: Ensured fair administration of justice, discouraged corruption, and protected peasants.

• Religious Policy: Tolerant towards all religions; respected saints, scholars, and even Muslim places of worship.

The Peshwas

• After Shivaji’s death, the Maratha kingdom expanded under his successors and the Peshwas (Prime Ministers), who became the de facto leaders.

• Balaji Vishwanath (1713–1720): Strengthened the Maratha confederacy and secured recognition from the Mughal Emperor.

• Baji Rao I (1720–1740): Brilliant military leader, expanded Maratha influence in Malwa, Gujarat, and north India. Famous for rapid cavalry movements.

• Balaji Baji Rao (1740–1761): Reached the peak of Maratha power, controlling large parts of India. However, suffered a crushing defeat against Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Third Battle of Panipat (1761).

• Later Peshwas: Weakened due to internal rivalries and British interference. The Marathas eventually lost to the British in the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818), leading to the end of their power.

Key Takeaway

• The Marathas under Shivaji laid the foundation of a strong kingdom based on efficient administration, guerrilla warfare, and people’s support.

• The Peshwas expanded Maratha power, making them the foremost power in India after the decline of the Mughals.

• However, internal disunity and defeats at Panipat and against the British led to the decline of Maratha supremacy, paving the way for colonial dominance.