The Rashtrakutas (8th–10th century A.D.) ruled over the Deccan with their capital at Manyakheta (Malkhed, Karnataka). They were not only powerful rulers but also great patrons of art, architecture, and literature. Their reign is particularly remembered for the Ellora Kailasanatha Temple, one of the finest achievements of Indian art.
Table of Contents
Architecture
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The Rashtrakutas followed and developed the Dravidian style of architecture with unique innovations.
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Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora (Cave 16):
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Their greatest architectural achievement, built by King Krishna I in the 8th century.
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Entirely carved out of a single rock, it represents Mount Kailasa, abode of Lord Shiva.
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Notable for its grand scale, precision, and exquisite carvings.
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Sculptures depict episodes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas.
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Other contributions: rock-cut shrines at Elephanta caves (Shiva Nataraja, Trimurti sculpture).
Sculpture
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Rashtrakuta sculptures are known for their grandeur, elegance, and dynamism.
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Ellora sculptures include depictions of Shiva in different forms (Nataraja, Ardhanarishvara, Ravana shaking Kailasa).
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Emphasis on realism and expressive detail.
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Sculptures at Elephanta Caves like the Trimurti (three-headed Shiva) represent Rashtrakuta artistic excellence.
Literature and Learning
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Rashtrakutas were patrons of both Sanskrit and Kannada literature.
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Famous works:
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Kavirajamarga by Amoghavarsha I (earliest Kannada literary work).
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Sanskrit scholars like Trivikrama (Nalachampu) and Jinasena (Adipurana, Parshvabhudaya) flourished under Rashtrakuta rule.
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Their patronage helped Kannada emerge as a major literary language.
Painting
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Though not much survives, some paintings at Ellora caves are attributed to the Rashtrakutas.
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Themes included mythological stories and divine figures.
Contribution to Indian Art and Culture
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Blended northern and southern architectural styles, influencing later Chola and Hoysala traditions.
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Patronized multiple religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
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Promoted art and literature in regional languages (Kannada, Marathi) alongside Sanskrit.
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Established the Deccan as a vibrant cultural center of medieval India.
Key Takeaway
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The Rashtrakutas were great builders and patrons of fine arts.
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The Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora stands as a timeless monument of their artistic vision.
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Their encouragement of literature, sculpture, and architecture enriched Indian cultural history and influenced future dynasties.