UPSC Civil Services Main Examination – 2025
Essay Paper
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 250
Instructions: Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000–1200 words each: 125 × 2 = 250 marks
SECTION–A
-
Truth knows no color.
-
The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.
-
Thought finds a world and creates one also.
-
Best lessons are learnt through bitter experiences.
SECTION–B
-
Muddy water is best cleared by leaving it alone.
-
The years teach much which the days never know.
-
It is best to see life as a journey, not as a destination.
-
Contentment is natural wealth; luxury is artificial poverty.
Solution (SECTION–A)
1. Truth knows no color.
“Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain’t going away.” – Elvis Presley
The idea that truth knows no color is a profound assertion about the universality and impartiality of truth. In a world deeply fragmented by divisions of race, caste, creed, religion, language, and political ideologies, truth stands tall as the one element that transcends such artificial boundaries. Truth, in its essence, is eternal and does not bend itself to prejudices or affiliations. It does not differentiate between the powerful and the powerless, the rich and the poor, or the white and the black. The moral authority of truth lies in the fact that it is independent, absolute, and untouched by human biases.
Philosophers since ancient times have grappled with the nature of truth. For Plato, truth existed in the realm of ideals; for Gandhi, truth or Satya was synonymous with God. The Indian civilizational ethos, articulated in the Rigveda’s maxim “Ekam Sat Vipra Bahudha Vadanti” (Truth is one, the wise call it by many names), has always emphasized that truth is universal and not confined to any one community, sect, or individual. Thus, truth is not subject to the labels of color, caste, or creed; it belongs to all humanity.
In the political domain, the impartiality of truth is reflected in justice. Justice, in its truest sense, cannot function without a commitment to truth. A court of law does not recognize distinctions based on skin color or religious affiliation while determining the veracity of a case. The famous image of Lady Justice, blindfolded with scales in hand, is a symbolic assertion that truth and justice must be color-blind, free from subjective inclinations. Yet, history reminds us that societies often fail to uphold this principle, allowing prejudice to distort truth. Nevertheless, the strength of truth lies in its persistence; even when suppressed, it eventually finds its way to light, undeterred by human manipulations.
The phrase “truth knows no color” also resonates in the fight against racial discrimination. Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela stood firm on the belief that truth was beyond race. King’s dream of a world where children would not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character is a testament to the idea that truth stands above human constructs of division. Mandela too held that the truth of human equality cannot be denied by oppressive regimes. Their struggles illuminate that while societies may temporarily obscure truth with the veil of prejudice, truth itself remains unchanged, asserting its universality through the eventual triumph of justice.
In the Indian context, Mahatma Gandhi embodied the principle of truth as the guiding force of moral and political action. His weapon of Satyagraha was based on the idea that truth has an intrinsic power that needs no external validation. For Gandhi, truth was indivisible; it belonged to neither the colonial master nor the colonized, neither the Hindu nor the Muslim. In the freedom struggle, truth united millions under a common banner that ignored divisions of caste and religion. The power of truth lay in its ability to unify, to rise above narrow identities, and to command respect across diverse communities.
At a deeper level, the statement “truth knows no color” signifies that truth cannot be conditioned by perspectives of race, gender, or ideology. Science provides the best example of this. The law of gravity applies equally in Africa, Europe, or Asia, regardless of who discovers or explains it. The truth of the natural world is not dependent on human interpretations or cultural biases. When Newton discovered gravity or Einstein formulated relativity, the truth of these laws was not restricted to the color of their discoverers but became a universal inheritance for all mankind. Thus, in science, the impartiality of truth is a guiding light for human progress.
Yet, truth is often inconvenient. It challenges entrenched systems of power that thrive on illusions and falsehoods. Political propaganda, social prejudices, and cultural stereotypes attempt to distort truth. But truth, by its very nature, cannot be permanently concealed. History provides countless examples of regimes that sought to build empires on falsehoods but eventually collapsed when confronted with truth. The fall of totalitarian systems, the exposure of corruption, and the unmasking of exploitation all point to the same reality: truth bows before none, and its strength lies in its permanence.
The struggle to uphold truth, however, demands courage. Speaking truth to power has never been easy. Socrates was made to drink poison because he questioned the falsehoods of Athenian society. Galileo was persecuted because he revealed scientific truths that challenged dogmas. Gandhi was imprisoned several times for his unwavering commitment to truth. Yet, their legacies endure precisely because truth outlived the systems that tried to suppress it. The message is clear: individuals perish, empires collapse, but truth remains immortal.
In everyday life too, truth operates beyond color or distinction. A person who speaks the truth earns trust, irrespective of community or status. Truth builds credibility in relationships, ensures fairness in governance, and promotes stability in society. Lies, on the other hand, erode trust, destabilize institutions, and eventually destroy the very structures they were meant to protect. The long-term stability of any family, community, or nation rests not on deception but on the foundation of truth.
Truth also has a spiritual dimension. Across religions, truth is equated with the divine. The Bible proclaims, “The truth shall set you free.” The Quran emphasizes Al-Haqq, one of the names of God, meaning the Truth. In Hinduism, the Upanishads assert “Satyam Eva Jayate” – truth alone triumphs. The universality of this idea across religions reiterates that truth transcends all human distinctions. It is not bound by rituals, dogmas, or external appearances. In recognizing the universality of truth, human beings move closer to harmony and peace.
In the modern digital age, where misinformation and fake news spread rapidly, the assertion that truth knows no color becomes more critical than ever. Algorithms and social media often amplify biases, but truth remains constant beyond these distortions. Fact-checking, transparency, and ethical journalism are essential to ensure that the universality of truth is not drowned in the noise of fabricated narratives. For a democracy to survive, truth must be protected from manipulation, for democracy itself is built on the foundation of informed consent and collective trust.
Thus, to affirm that truth knows no color is to affirm faith in the highest ideals of humanity. It is a recognition that the pursuit of truth is beyond divisions, beyond prejudice, beyond discrimination. It demands intellectual honesty, moral courage, and spiritual humility. When societies embrace truth in its universal form, they transcend narrow identities and move towards genuine equality and justice.
In conclusion, truth is like a mirror that reflects reality without distortion. It does not choose sides; it does not wear the cloak of color. It is the guiding light for individuals, the foundation of justice for societies, and the eternal principle for civilizations. The resilience of truth lies in its impartiality; it belongs to everyone and to no one. As Mahatma Gandhi said, “Even if you are a minority of one, the truth is the truth.” And that truth, in its ultimate sense, knows no color, no boundary, and no limitation.
2. The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.
“The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” – Sun Tzu
This timeless maxim, drawn from Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, embodies the highest wisdom of conflict management. At its core, it teaches us that the greatest victory is not achieved by destroying the enemy through force, but by neutralizing them without bloodshed. It recognizes that war in its raw form is a failure of reason, diplomacy, and foresight. It destroys lives, drains resources, and leaves behind scars that often take generations to heal. To win a war without fighting reflects supreme intelligence, strategic foresight, and moral strength.
Human history is witness to countless wars fought for land, resources, ideology, and ego. The battlefields of Kurukshetra, the Roman conquests, the Napoleonic wars, and the two World Wars reveal the devastation caused when brute force is glorified. Yet history also reminds us of moments where leaders and thinkers understood that the real art of war lies not in the clash of swords, but in the triumph of mind over matter. To subdue an enemy without fighting is to recognize that true victory lies not in destruction but in creating conditions where conflict becomes unnecessary.
The Indian strategist Chanakya, centuries before Sun Tzu, taught the Mauryan rulers that diplomacy, alliances, and psychological insight were far more powerful than war alone. He categorized tools of statecraft as Sama (persuasion), Dana (concession), Bheda (division), and Danda (punishment), emphasizing that only when the first three fail should force be used. It was through such tactics that Chandragupta Maurya subdued powerful enemies without waging costly wars, laying the foundations of a mighty empire.
Similarly, Emperor Ashoka learned from the devastation of the Kalinga war that the cost of military conquest far outweighed its rewards. His realization that true conquest lies in winning the hearts of people rather than their territories marked a civilizational leap. Through Dhamma and moral persuasion, Ashoka turned enemies into allies, leaving behind a legacy more enduring than that of any warrior king. His example illustrates that subduing without fighting ensures not only victory but also stability and lasting peace.
The principle applies equally in modern times. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was one of the most intense geopolitical rivalries in history. Both nations had the means to annihilate each other through nuclear warfare, yet neither did. Why? Because the supreme art of war was practiced—subduing the adversary without direct fighting. Through strategic deterrence, psychological posturing, economic pressure, and diplomatic maneuvering, the West ultimately prevailed without triggering a Third World War. The collapse of the Soviet Union was not the result of an armed clash but of internal exhaustion and external containment. This is perhaps the most striking modern demonstration of Sun Tzu’s wisdom.
The idea also resonates deeply in the Indian freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi understood the futility of violent confrontation against the mighty British Empire. His method of Satyagraha was premised on the power of truth and non-violence. By appealing to the conscience of both the oppressor and the oppressed, Gandhi subdued the enemy without engaging in violent warfare. His approach disarmed the British morally and politically, making their position untenable in India. Thus, an empire that prided itself on military supremacy was defeated by a weaponless movement. Gandhi’s philosophy is perhaps the purest application of Sun Tzu’s dictum in modern politics.
At a deeper level, this maxim highlights that true strength lies not in destruction but in restraint. The one who wins through battle may gain territory, but the one who wins without battle gains trust, legitimacy, and sustainability. Force can subjugate bodies but not minds. History is full of examples where rulers who conquered by force soon lost their empires, while those who ruled through wisdom, diplomacy, and fairness created legacies that endured.
The phrase also holds significance beyond the battlefield. In politics, wise leaders avoid direct confrontation when negotiation and dialogue can resolve disputes. In business, competition is best subdued through innovation, foresight, and customer trust rather than aggressive destruction of rivals. In personal life, one often finds that resolving conflict through patience and understanding is more effective than escalating quarrels. Subduing without fighting is not cowardice; it is the highest form of courage—the courage to rise above anger and impulse, to choose wisdom over violence.
The psychological dimension of this principle is profound. Most conflicts arise not merely from material interests but from ego, fear, and mistrust. When a leader understands the psychology of the adversary, he can defuse tension before it translates into confrontation. Sun Tzu himself stressed that knowing both oneself and the enemy ensures victory without battle. For example, during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. Yet, through backdoor diplomacy and calibrated restraint, President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev resolved the crisis without bloodshed. It was not military might that saved the world but strategic wisdom and psychological insight.
Yet, to achieve this supreme art requires discipline and vision. It demands foresight to prevent situations from escalating into war. It requires the ability to see beyond immediate gains and recognize the long-term consequences of violence. Many leaders fail this test because of arrogance or impatience. The tragedies of World War I and World War II remind us of what happens when leaders succumb to pride and aggression rather than practicing restraint.
This principle is also deeply relevant in today’s digital age, where conflicts are no longer confined to physical battlefields. Cyber warfare, information manipulation, and economic sanctions have become tools of subduing adversaries without conventional fighting. Nations today increasingly rely on soft power—cultural influence, technological dominance, and economic strength—to achieve strategic objectives. The dominance of the United States after the Cold War was not merely due to military power but also due to its economic, technological, and cultural supremacy. Similarly, China’s rise in the 21st century illustrates how nations can expand influence through trade, investment, and strategic partnerships without engaging in direct wars.
At the same time, the maxim does not suggest pacifism or passivity. It does not deny the role of force altogether. Rather, it recognizes that force should be the last resort, not the first. To subdue without fighting is not to avoid conflict at any cost, but to resolve it intelligently whenever possible. When war becomes inevitable, the lesson of Sun Tzu reminds us to minimize destruction and return swiftly to peace. Thus, the maxim balances realism with wisdom.
In ethical terms, the art of winning without fighting aligns with the principle of ahimsa, or non-violence, deeply rooted in Indian philosophy. It teaches that violence breeds violence, while peace breeds peace. A victory achieved without war not only saves lives but also creates the conditions for reconciliation. It recognizes the humanity of the opponent, ensuring that today’s enemy may become tomorrow’s ally.
The relevance of this idea in international relations is immense. The United Nations itself is built upon the vision of preventing wars by resolving disputes through dialogue, sanctions, peacekeeping, and international law. Its very existence reflects humanity’s recognition that the supreme art of war is not war itself but its avoidance. Although not always successful, the attempt to create a world order based on negotiation rather than destruction is a direct manifestation of Sun Tzu’s philosophy.
In conclusion, the maxim “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting” is not merely a military strategy but a universal philosophy of life. It reminds us that the highest wisdom lies in preventing conflict rather than winning it, in choosing diplomacy over destruction, and in exercising restraint over aggression. Whether in the fields of politics, business, international relations, or personal conduct, the ability to resolve conflicts without confrontation is the mark of true greatness. As history repeatedly shows, wars may win battles, but wisdom wins peace. The supreme art, therefore, is not to destroy but to transform, not to conquer but to reconcile, and not to fight but to prevail without fighting.
3. Thought finds a world and creates one also.
“Thought finds a world and creates one also.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
This profound assertion captures the transformative power of thought in shaping both the external and internal realities of human life. Thought is not a passive mirror that merely reflects the world; it is an active force that discovers, interprets, and creates. Every idea, invention, institution, and revolution is born in the silent chambers of the human mind before it manifests in the physical world. Thus, human history is essentially a story of thought finding a world and creating one also.
From the earliest days of civilization, thought has been the architect of human progress. When primitive man gazed at fire or rolling stones, thought recognized their potential and converted them into tools of survival and development. The invention of the wheel, the discovery of agriculture, and the use of metals were not accidents of nature but triumphs of human thought. These early ideas transformed the destiny of humanity by creating the foundations of settled life and complex societies. Without the power of thought, mankind would have remained in the shadows of ignorance and helplessness.
In the realm of science, thought has created worlds that were previously unimaginable. Newton’s contemplation of the falling apple revealed the law of gravity, opening up new horizons in physics. Einstein’s thought experiments gave birth to the theory of relativity, reshaping our understanding of time and space. The invisible atom, the vast expanse of the universe, the secrets of DNA—all were uncovered because thought dared to look beyond appearances. Science exemplifies how thought both discovers the world that exists and simultaneously creates new frameworks of knowledge, altering how humanity perceives and interacts with reality.
Thought has not only shaped the material world but also the political and social order. The great revolutions of history were not spontaneous outbursts but manifestations of powerful ideas. The American Revolution was guided by the thought of liberty and self-determination. The French Revolution, inspired by ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, reshaped the political structures of Europe. The Russian Revolution was driven by the idea of socialism and the dream of equality. Closer home, the Indian freedom struggle was nurtured by the thought of Swaraj—self-rule. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi infused the struggle with the higher thought of non-violence and truth, transforming a political movement into a moral awakening. These examples show that thought does not merely find existing structures; it creates new orders, reshaping nations and destinies.
The spiritual traditions of the world too affirm the creative power of thought. In the Upanishads, it is said: “Man becomes what he thinks.” The Buddha emphasized that “All that we are is the result of what we have thought.” In Christianity, the power of thought is reflected in the teaching that “As a man thinketh in his heart, so is he.” Thus, thought is not only an intellectual force but also a spiritual one, capable of shaping character, morality, and destiny. The peaceful thought of compassion creates harmony, while the destructive thought of hatred leads to war and violence. Hence, thought is both the seed of creation and the root of destruction.
Indeed, history warns us of the destructive potential of misguided thought. The ideology of racial superiority gave rise to fascism and Nazism, plunging the world into the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust. The thought of unbridled greed led to colonial exploitation, slavery, and imperialism. In modern times, divisive ideologies based on religion, caste, or nationalism have created deep fault lines within societies. Thus, thought can create worlds of peace and progress, but when corrupted by prejudice or ego, it can create worlds of conflict and suffering.
In the modern technological era, thought continues to create new worlds. The digital revolution, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and space exploration are outcomes of human imagination transforming into reality. The world of the internet is itself a creation of thought—an intangible yet omnipresent space that connects billions of people. The dream of colonizing Mars, the quest for renewable energy, and the exploration of quantum computing all illustrate how thought continues to expand the frontiers of possibility. Yet, these new worlds bring challenges as well. The creation of nuclear weapons through scientific thought is a reminder that human imagination, unless guided by wisdom, can endanger the very survival of humanity. Thus, the creative power of thought must always be tempered with ethics and responsibility.
On a more personal level, thought determines the destiny of individuals. The life of a person is shaped not so much by external circumstances as by the thoughts he cultivates. Positive thoughts inspire resilience, creativity, and progress, while negative thoughts create fear, despair, and failure. Modern psychology affirms this ancient wisdom. The concept of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes that changing one’s thought patterns can transform one’s life. Similarly, motivational leaders across the world emphasize the power of visualization and positive thinking in achieving success. Truly, as Emerson suggests, thought finds a world and creates one also—not only for societies but for every individual.
This principle is equally relevant in international relations. In a world divided by competing interests, the thought of cooperation, dialogue, and peace can create new frameworks for global governance. The creation of the United Nations, the European Union, and various climate agreements are the products of thought envisioning a more collaborative world. Conversely, when nations indulge in the thought of superiority and domination, they create worlds of conflict, as seen in wars and arms races. Therefore, the future of humanity depends on the kind of thoughts that dominate global politics—whether divisive or unifying, whether destructive or constructive.
The idea also has ecological relevance. For centuries, humanity’s thought of exploiting nature created a world of industrialization and growth, but also one of environmental degradation. Today, the thought of sustainability is creating a new world order that seeks to balance development with ecological preservation. Concepts like renewable energy, circular economy, and sustainable development goals are examples of how new thoughts are reshaping global priorities.
At its deepest level, this assertion is a reminder of the responsibility of thought. Every human being is a thinker, and every thought contributes to the world we inhabit. If individuals nurture thoughts of kindness, cooperation, and justice, the collective world reflects those values. If individuals harbor thoughts of greed, hatred, and violence, the world becomes fractured and destructive. Thus, the power to shape the world lies within us, in the silent workings of the mind.
In conclusion, Emerson’s statement, “Thought finds a world and creates one also,” is both a celebration of human imagination and a caution about its responsibilities. Thought has given us science, art, philosophy, freedom, and spirituality. It has created nations, institutions, and cultures. It has uncovered the secrets of the universe and built new worlds of knowledge. Yet, thought has also unleashed wars, oppression, and destruction when guided by arrogance or hatred. The challenge of our age is to harness the creative power of thought for constructive purposes, ensuring that the worlds we create are not only powerful but also compassionate, just, and sustainable. Ultimately, the destiny of humanity lies not in external forces but in the worlds we create through our own thoughts. As the Upanishads remind us: “As is our thought, so is our world.”
4. Best lessons are learnt through bitter experiences.
“Turn your wounds into wisdom.” – Oprah Winfrey
Life is the greatest teacher, and unlike formal education, it does not follow a structured syllabus or predictable pattern. The most profound lessons in life are not learnt in classrooms but through experiences, many of which are painful and challenging. Bitter experiences may come in the form of failure, rejection, betrayal, loss, or humiliation. At the moment, they feel unbearable, yet when reflected upon later, they become turning points that shape our character, strengthen our resilience, and expand our understanding of the world. It is rightly said that the best lessons are learnt through bitter experiences.
A bitter experience need not always be catastrophic. It may simply be a disappointment that forces us to rethink our actions or a painful truth that compels us to mature. For instance, failure in an important examination may initially cause heartbreak, but it teaches the value of discipline, planning, and consistent effort. Similarly, betrayal in friendship may leave scars, but it helps us understand the importance of trust and discernment of character. In this sense, bitter experiences act as teachers in disguise, preparing us for future challenges with greater clarity and wisdom.
Failure is one of the most common yet powerful bitter experiences. It has the capacity to shake confidence, but it also inculcates humility and perseverance. History provides numerous examples of individuals who transformed failure into success. Abraham Lincoln, before becoming one of the greatest American Presidents, faced repeated failures in elections, business ventures, and personal life. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before perfecting the light bulb, yet he famously remarked, “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Their journeys reveal that while success teaches satisfaction, it is failure that teaches persistence, adaptability, and the courage to begin again.
Pain too can be a great teacher of compassion. A person who has endured hunger truly understands the plight of the poor. Someone who has fought illness is more empathetic toward the sick. The grief of personal loss often sensitizes us to the sufferings of others. Mahatma Gandhi’s humiliation in South Africa, when he was thrown out of a train despite having a valid ticket, was a bitter experience that transformed him. That one moment of insult ignited his lifelong struggle against injustice and colonial domination, leading ultimately to India’s independence. Personal pain thus often becomes the foundation for greater public service.
Adversity is essential for growth. Just as gold is purified in fire, human character is tested in trials. A life devoid of hardships may appear comfortable, but it does not build strength. It is through struggle that people discover their inner reserves of courage. The Japanese proverb, “Fall seven times, stand up eight,” beautifully captures this truth. Soldiers undergo rigorous training, often bitter and painful, precisely so that they can withstand the harsh realities of war. Similarly, students who face academic setbacks develop endurance and discipline, which later benefit them in their careers and personal lives. Bitter experiences thus create a foundation of fortitude and self-reliance.
They also cultivate humility and gratitude. Success, when continuous, can make people arrogant. But the bitterness of failure or loss humbles them and teaches them to value what they have. A person who once remained unemployed values the security of a job more deeply. Someone who has lost wealth in business becomes more cautious and disciplined in financial dealings. A person who has experienced betrayal values loyalty more than others. Bitter experiences therefore strip away illusions of permanence and superiority, making individuals more grounded.
Human history itself is full of lessons carved out of bitter experiences. The two World Wars, with their enormous destruction, taught humanity the importance of peace and cooperation, leading to the creation of institutions like the United Nations. The horrors of slavery and colonial exploitation forced nations to acknowledge the principles of freedom, equality, and human rights. In India, the traumatic Partition of 1947 was a bitter experience that highlighted the dangers of communal hatred and the urgent need for unity. These examples show that entire civilizations grow wiser by passing through pain and suffering.
On the personal level, bitter experiences often act as turning points in life. A setback in one path can lead to discovery of another, more fulfilling one. Steve Jobs, after being removed from his own company, Apple, described the experience as devastating. Yet, it pushed him to innovate in new directions, leading to the creation of Pixar and later revolutionary products like the iPhone. He returned to Apple stronger and more visionary than before. Similarly, many authors, scientists, and leaders credit their most brilliant achievements to the darkest moments of their lives.
However, it is important to note that not everyone learns from bitter experiences. Some individuals become trapped in negativity, bitterness, or despair. The difference lies in attitude. Those who reflect, extract meaning, and apply lessons constructively benefit the most. The philosopher Nietzsche famously said, “What does not kill me makes me stronger.” Bitter experiences can either break us or build us, depending on whether we choose to surrender or to rise.
Modern psychology validates this wisdom. The concept of post-traumatic growth suggests that people who undergo hardships often emerge stronger, with deeper relationships and a more meaningful life perspective. Adversity compels individuals to re-evaluate priorities, appreciate small joys, and recognize what truly matters. Similarly, resilience theory emphasizes that overcoming hardships creates long-term emotional strength. Thus, science supports the belief that bitter experiences, though painful, pave the way for wisdom and balance.
Bitter experiences also contribute to moral development. A dishonest act that leads to disgrace may teach the lifelong value of integrity. A selfish decision that causes suffering can awaken a sense of responsibility. Great epics illustrate this. In the Mahabharata, Yudhishthira’s hardships taught him the futility of greed and pride, shaping him into a just and wise ruler. In literature and philosophy alike, suffering is often portrayed as the purifier of the soul.
In the modern era, societies as a whole must also learn from bitter experiences. The COVID-19 pandemic, though tragic, reminded the world of the importance of healthcare systems, scientific innovation, and social solidarity. Climate change-related disasters are bitter warnings, urging humanity to adopt sustainable practices before it is too late. Economic crises have repeatedly shown the dangers of overdependence and the importance of financial discipline. These examples highlight that bitter collective experiences serve as lessons for future resilience.
Ultimately, bitter experiences are not obstacles to life’s journey but essential stepping stones. They strip away arrogance, awaken compassion, foster humility, and cultivate resilience. They break illusions, reveal truths, and compel individuals and societies to grow wiser. Sweet experiences may give joy, but it is the bitter ones that give wisdom. While no one willingly seeks pain, its presence is inevitable, and its lessons are invaluable.
Thus, it is rightly said that the best lessons are learnt through bitter experiences. They transform wounds into wisdom, weakness into strength, and despair into determination. Both individuals and nations rise to greatness not by avoiding suffering, but by learning from it, enduring it, and ultimately transcending it.
Solution (SECTION–B)
1. Muddy water is best cleared by leaving it alone.
“Muddy water is best cleared by leaving it alone.” – Lao Tzu
Life often confronts us with moments of confusion, chaos, and emotional turbulence, where the more we try to control things, the worse they seem to get. Lao Tzu’s timeless saying carries profound wisdom. Just as muddy water, when disturbed further, becomes cloudier but when left alone slowly settles into clarity, so too do many problems in life. Some situations require patience, calm, and detachment, rather than restless interference. The proverb is a metaphor for the human condition, reminding us that clarity and peace often emerge naturally when we allow things to take their course.
The philosophy behind this idea lies in the principle of non-interference. In Eastern traditions like Taoism and Buddhism, there is a belief that life has its own rhythm and flow, and constant attempts to control it only create resistance. By stepping back, one allows harmony to restore itself. Western thinkers too have echoed similar wisdom. The Roman philosopher Seneca observed that anger, when acted upon immediately, creates destruction, but when allowed time, it diminishes in intensity. This indicates that restraint and patience can bring better outcomes than impulsive action.
In daily life, there are countless situations where leaving things alone brings clarity. Consider interpersonal conflicts. When anger is high, words spoken in haste can deepen wounds. But when one remains silent, allowing emotions to settle, understanding and reconciliation become possible. A heated argument between friends or family members often cools down after a period of silence. Just like muddy water clears with time, so do strained relationships regain balance if not constantly disturbed by accusations or explanations at the wrong moment. Silence, in such cases, is more powerful than speech.
Similarly, in decision-making, overthinking can cloud judgment. A student unsure of career choice or an entrepreneur anxious about risks may end up exhausting themselves with endless calculations. Often, the wisest course is to pause, reflect, and allow the mind to settle. Neuroscience confirms this wisdom. Studies show that during rest, the brain’s default mode network reorganizes information, leading to insights that were not accessible during active struggle. That is why many breakthroughs occur when people are not directly focusing on the problem but are relaxed, such as during a walk or just before sleep. By leaving the muddy water of thoughts alone, the mind naturally clarifies.
The proverb also finds application in leadership and governance. A good leader knows when to intervene and when to step back. Excessive interference in people’s lives, organizations, or societies can create resistance and instability. On the other hand, allowing individuals the freedom to act often brings out their best potential. For instance, in post-independence India, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru realized that constant micromanagement of democracy would not work; instead, the system had to be given time to evolve and mature, even if it meant temporary setbacks. Similarly, in diplomacy, patience often proves more effective than aggression. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union did not end through direct confrontation but by allowing time and internal contradictions to dissolve hostility. By leaving the muddy waters of global tension alone, clarity eventually emerged.
The wisdom of this saying also extends to the inner life. Human emotions, when constantly stirred, become overwhelming. Grief, for instance, cannot be instantly resolved. Attempts to suppress or rush it only deepen the pain. But when one allows grief to pass naturally, it gradually heals. The same is true of anxiety and fear. Meditation practices across cultures emphasize the art of observation without interference. One simply watches thoughts and emotions as they arise and fade away, like muddy water that settles by itself. The great Indian sage Ramana Maharshi taught that the mind, when left to itself without resistance, quiets down and reveals inner peace.
At the societal level, the proverb speaks to the importance of patience in resolving conflicts. Hasty solutions often aggravate tensions. The partition of India, hurriedly executed, left behind deep scars. In contrast, movements like the Civil Rights Movement in the United States show how patient, non-violent protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. gradually changed the conscience of society. Had violence been used in haste, the muddy water of racial tensions would have become darker, not clearer.
Yet, it is important to recognize the limits of this philosophy. Not all problems can be solved by leaving them alone. Injustice, exploitation, and violence demand action, not passivity. If a house is on fire, one cannot wait for the flames to extinguish themselves. The saying applies primarily to situations where haste, interference, or overreaction worsens the problem. The wisdom lies in knowing when to act and when to step back. Discrimination is essential. Just as a farmer knows when to water and when to let the soil rest, a wise person discerns when engagement is necessary and when patience is the best course.
In the realm of personal growth, this principle prevents burnout. Modern society often glorifies constant activity, quick fixes, and instant results. People try to control every aspect of life—career, relationships, health—leading to exhaustion and frustration. By embracing stillness, one realizes that growth has its own pace. A plant does not grow faster if we keep pulling its leaves. Similarly, the human mind and body flourish when allowed rest and natural rhythm. The muddy waters of stress and overexertion clear with calmness, not with more agitation.
Spiritual traditions worldwide affirm this truth. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna advises Arjuna that action performed in detachment, without restless clinging to outcomes, brings clarity and peace. In Christian teachings, the idea of “Be still and know” reflects the same wisdom. In Sufi mysticism, the heart is said to mirror the divine only when it is still, like calm water reflecting the sky. These traditions converge on the insight that clarity is not achieved through force but through surrender and patience.
The natural world too demonstrates this wisdom. Rivers carry silt and mud, but when they reach a calm lake, the sediment sinks, leaving the water clear. Storms eventually subside, allowing the sky to reveal its blue expanse. Ecosystems recover when human interference is minimized. For example, during the COVID-19 lockdowns, when industries paused, rivers and skies cleared, showing that sometimes nature heals best when left alone. The proverb is thus not only about human psychology but about the universal law of balance.
At a deeper level, the saying teaches humility. It reminds us that not everything is under human control. The universe has its own ways of restoring order. By leaving muddy waters alone, we acknowledge our limits and trust in the larger rhythm of life. This trust is not passive resignation but an act of wisdom and faith. It enables us to face challenges with patience, to endure uncertainty, and to allow clarity to emerge naturally.
In conclusion, the saying “Muddy water is best cleared by leaving it alone” carries profound relevance for personal life, relationships, governance, and spiritual growth. It teaches the value of patience, detachment, and trust in the natural process of resolution. While it does not advocate inaction in the face of urgent wrongs, it reminds us that many confusions and conflicts are best handled not by restless struggle but by calm endurance. Just as muddy water, if left undisturbed, settles into clarity, so too does the human heart and society find peace when allowed time and space. It is a lesson in humility, patience, and harmony with life’s deeper rhythms, reminding us that sometimes the wisest action is no action at all.
2. The years teach much which the days never know
“The years teach much which the days never know.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
This profound observation captures the eternal truth that while days give us experiences, it is the years that transform those experiences into wisdom. A single day can offer knowledge, emotions, and actions, but the depth of understanding that years bring cannot be matched. Human life is not merely a collection of passing moments; it is a continuum where time acts as the greatest teacher. The essence of this thought lies in recognizing the difference between the immediacy of events and the enduring lessons of long-term reflection.
In the fast-paced world we live in, there is a constant urge to seek instant gratification, quick answers, and immediate success. But the truth is that real knowledge matures slowly, just like a seed that takes years to grow into a tree. A student may pass an examination in a day, but becoming truly educated requires years of discipline, reading, and reflection. Similarly, an athlete may win a match on a given day, but the years of practice, failure, and resilience are what shape the champion. Life’s greatest truths are revealed not in the urgency of the day but in the patience of the years.
History demonstrates this power of time. The Indian freedom struggle was not the story of a single uprising or protest. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Salt March, or the Quit India Movement were pivotal days, but the real victory came through decades of collective sacrifice and patience. The wisdom of independence was not born in a moment; it was nurtured through the passage of time. Likewise, the American Civil Rights Movement cannot be understood by a single march or speech. It was the accumulation of years of struggle, endurance, and resistance that finally transformed the social fabric. The days offered passion, but the years carved out wisdom.
In personal life, this thought holds equal significance. A child may not understand the sacrifices of parents in a single day, but years later, with maturity, the meaning becomes clear. Relationships too ripen with time—one argument or misunderstanding may hurt in a day, but years of togetherness reveal the depth of love and commitment. Similarly, failures often appear bitter in the short run, but over years, they transform into valuable lessons. The entrepreneur who fails in a day may, after years, realize that those failures were stepping stones to greater success. The student who cannot clear an exam in one attempt often learns perseverance that defines their future.
Philosophy and literature have repeatedly echoed this idea. The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes that knowledge unfolds gradually, through patience, discipline, and devotion. The Upanishads teach us that the highest truths are not instantly available but require a lifetime of reflection. In Western thought too, Emerson’s transcendentalist philosophy reminds us that the natural passage of time is the best educator. Shakespeare’s plays often depict characters who realize truths only after years of suffering and reflection, proving that certain lessons cannot be rushed.
From a psychological perspective, the distinction between days and years represents the difference between knowledge and wisdom. Knowledge is what we acquire daily—facts, figures, and information. Wisdom, however, comes only with time, as knowledge interacts with experience, reflection, and maturity. This is why elders, even if less formally educated, often provide insights deeper than books. They may not know the latest science, but they understand life, relationships, and resilience because years have taught them what days cannot.
The saying also holds a mirror to modern society’s obsession with speed. Technology, social media, and instant communication have created a mindset where everything is expected immediately—be it success, wealth, or understanding. But depth cannot be compressed into speed. You cannot learn patience in a day, nor can you build character overnight. True education, moral strength, and personal growth require years of practice. This realization is crucial for policymakers, educators, and leaders who must recognize that sustainable development and social harmony evolve over decades, not in quick fixes.
Furthermore, this thought teaches us humility. In youth, or in moments of temporary success, people often feel they know everything. But as years pass, they realize how limited their earlier understanding was. The years correct arrogance, strip away illusions, and instill patience. The elderly are often silent not because they lack words, but because they know the futility of hasty judgments. What the young perceive in days, the old have understood in years, and thus their wisdom carries a depth beyond immediate experience.
Examples from global history further illuminate this idea. The horrors of the two World Wars taught humanity lessons that no single day of battle could teach. It was only after years of destruction and recovery that nations realized the importance of peace, cooperation, and international institutions like the United Nations. Similarly, the Cold War was not resolved by a single event but through decades of ideological struggle, diplomacy, and endurance, eventually teaching the world that coexistence was preferable to mutual destruction.
On an individual level, spiritual growth too reflects this truth. One may meditate or pray for a day, but true transformation of the mind requires years of practice. Enlightenment is not an overnight achievement; it is the cumulative effect of countless days lived with awareness and discipline. Great saints, philosophers, and reformers attained their wisdom not by rushing through life, but by allowing years to teach them what days could not.
In essence, this saying also reminds us that time is not merely a measure of existence but a process of learning. Every passing year transforms us, not just by aging the body, but by ripening the mind and heart. The passage of years teaches patience, endurance, humility, and perspective. Days give us events, but years give us meaning. The wisdom of life, therefore, is to embrace the slow unfolding of time and to recognize that the most valuable lessons cannot be forced—they must be lived.
Thus, “The years teach much which the days never know” is not merely a poetic reflection but a guiding principle for life. It asks us to respect time, to cultivate patience, and to trust that wisdom will emerge as we journey through the years. In a world that values speed, it reminds us of the beauty of slowness. In a society obsessed with results, it teaches us the importance of processes. And in a life filled with fleeting days, it assures us that the years will eventually give us the understanding, maturity, and peace we seek.
The truth of this thought lies in its universality. Be it in personal life, in society, in history, or in spiritual growth, years always reveal what days cannot. Time remains the greatest teacher, silently shaping us into wiser beings.
3. It is best to see life as a journey, not as a destination.
“It is best to see life as a journey, not as a destination.”
This timeless thought captures the essence of human existence. Too often, individuals rush through life chasing goals, achievements, and destinations, believing that happiness lies in reaching them. But in reality, the true meaning of life unfolds in the journey itself—in the experiences, struggles, and growth that accompany each step. A destination may provide temporary satisfaction, but the journey imparts wisdom, resilience, and fulfillment. To see life only as a destination is to miss its richness; to see it as a journey is to embrace its full beauty.
Human history reflects this profound truth. When explorers like Columbus or Vasco da Gama set out on their voyages, the journey itself shaped civilizations, cultures, and exchanges far beyond the initial destinations. Similarly, the Indian freedom struggle cannot be understood simply as the achievement of independence in 1947. Independence was the destination, but the journey of decades—of movements, sacrifices, and reforms—gave India its political maturity, its democratic consciousness, and its national identity. The journey prepared the nation to handle the responsibility of freedom. Thus, the significance lay not only in reaching freedom, but in the long path that led there.
On a personal level, this idea transforms the way individuals perceive success. A student preparing for the UPSC examination, for instance, may consider selection as the destination. Yet, the journey of preparation—the discipline, the countless hours of study, the failures, and the perseverance—shapes character in ways far more lasting than the final result. Whether one clears the examination or not, the journey itself leaves behind intellectual growth, patience, and confidence. In the same manner, an athlete’s medal is just a moment in time; the journey of training, sweat, and resilience is the true story of achievement.
Philosophers and poets across the world have echoed this sentiment. In Indian philosophy, the Bhagavad Gita reminds us to focus on karma, or action, rather than obsessing over results. It emphasizes that the purity of the journey is more important than the fixation on the destination. In Western thought, Ralph Waldo Emerson urged individuals to value life’s process rather than its endpoints, insisting that life is about growth, not arrival. The teachings of the Buddha too underline the middle path, suggesting that enlightenment is not just a final goal but a continuous journey of mindfulness, compassion, and understanding.
The idea becomes even more meaningful when applied to relationships. People often look for a “perfect relationship” as a destination. But the truth is that love, friendship, or companionship grows in the journey—through shared experiences, struggles, and compromises. The beauty lies not in reaching some ideal state of perfection but in walking together through the imperfections of life. Similarly, parenthood is not a destination marked by the birth of a child; it is a lifelong journey of nurturing, guiding, and learning from one another.
Seeing life as a journey also teaches humility. A destination, once achieved, often gives rise to pride or arrogance. But a journey constantly reminds us of our limitations and growth. Each stage brings new lessons, showing that there is always more to learn and experience. This prevents stagnation and encourages continuous improvement. A society or individual that treats life as a journey remains dynamic, open, and adaptable.
From a psychological perspective, focusing only on destinations often leads to frustration, stress, and emptiness. People who attach their happiness to a single goal often feel a void once they reach it, because they have neglected the value of the path itself. In contrast, those who find joy in the process of living—whether in working, learning, or exploring—remain fulfilled throughout life. For instance, an artist who paints only to sell works may feel empty once sales are achieved, but an artist who enjoys the act of creation finds joy in every stroke of the brush.
This principle has implications for governance and social development as well. A nation that sees development only as a fixed destination may chase statistics like GDP growth or literacy rates without addressing the lived experiences of its citizens. On the other hand, a nation that treats development as a journey focuses on improving health, education, equality, and sustainability in a continuous process. For example, Scandinavian countries are admired not only for their economic outcomes but also for the quality of the journey of development, where policies prioritize well-being, equity, and inclusiveness.
Nature itself is a testament to this idea. A river is not defined by where it ends but by its journey through valleys, plains, and villages, nourishing life along the way. A tree’s value is not in its final fall but in the years of shade, fruit, and oxygen it provides. Likewise, human life is most meaningful when seen not as an arrival at some endpoint, but as a continuous flow of growth and contribution.
This vision of life as a journey also brings peace of mind. People who rush toward destinations often miss the beauty of the present moment. They live in anticipation rather than experience. But those who value the journey cultivate mindfulness, gratitude, and resilience. They understand that every challenge is a lesson, every delay is an opportunity, and every failure is a step forward. The journey mindset liberates us from fear of failure because success is not measured only by arrival but by the richness of experience.
In essence, this thought carries a profound lesson for individuals, societies, and humanity as a whole. Life is not a race to a finish line, but a path of continuous learning, service, and self-discovery. The final destination—whether it is success, wealth, or even death—is inevitable, but what gives meaning to existence is how we live each moment along the way. To embrace life as a journey is to embrace growth, humility, and joy. It is to see every sunrise as a beginning and every sunset as an opportunity for reflection.
Therefore, “It is best to see life as a journey, not as a destination” is more than a philosophical reflection; it is a practical wisdom for living fully. It invites us to slow down, to savor experiences, to value people, and to trust the process of time. Destinations will come and go, but the journey—full of lessons, struggles, love, and beauty—is where the true meaning of life resides.
4. Contentment is natural wealth; luxury is artificial poverty.
“Contentment is natural wealth; luxury is artificial poverty.”
This profound saying attributed to Socrates highlights a timeless truth about the human condition. In a world driven by ambition, materialism, and consumerism, the difference between contentment and luxury becomes critical to understand. Contentment, being satisfied with what one has, is the essence of true wealth, for it ensures peace of mind, stability, and happiness. Luxury, on the other hand, often leads to artificial poverty—it creates endless desires, comparisons, and dissatisfaction, thereby trapping individuals in a cycle of craving more.
History and philosophy repeatedly teach us that wealth lies not in possessions but in perception. The great Indian sage Kabir expressed a similar thought when he said that peace belongs not to the wealthy man, but to the man who has controlled his desires. In the same spirit, Gandhiji’s words, “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”, reveal that luxury breeds poverty of the spirit, for the more one runs after indulgence, the poorer one becomes in self-control and contentment.
Contentment, as natural wealth, empowers individuals with an internal abundance. A farmer who works hard, eats the food he grows, and finds joy in his family may have far fewer resources compared to a millionaire, but he may still live a richer life if he is content. Luxury, conversely, creates dependency on external things for happiness. A person surrounded by luxuries but constantly yearning for more may suffer from a sense of emptiness and poverty of the mind. Thus, the paradox is clear: luxury expands possessions but shrinks satisfaction.
Indian philosophy has consistently upheld this ideal. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna emphasizes moderation, balance, and control of desires as the path to peace. Similarly, the teachings of Buddhism highlight that desire (tanha) is the root cause of suffering. A luxurious life filled with craving becomes a prison of dissatisfaction, while contentment liberates the soul and makes one truly wealthy.
The same is reflected in the lives of great leaders. Mahatma Gandhi lived a life of simplicity, wearing khadi and practicing austerity, yet his inner strength and contentment made him one of the most influential personalities in history. On the contrary, monarchs and dictators who surrounded themselves with lavish luxuries often faced restlessness, paranoia, and downfall. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, despite inheriting an empire rich in luxuries, lived a tragic life of sorrow and exile, while saints who renounced worldly luxuries lived in eternal peace.
Luxury, as artificial poverty, also has social consequences. It fosters inequality, consumerism, and environmental destruction. The endless pursuit of luxurious lifestyles often leads to exploitation of natural resources and widening of the gap between rich and poor. In contrast, a society guided by the principle of contentment focuses on sustainability, equity, and well-being. For instance, Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness model reflects contentment as a form of wealth, prioritizing quality of life over material prosperity.
Psychologically too, contentment brings mental health and resilience, while luxury may invite anxiety, insecurity, and competition. A content person sleeps peacefully at night, while a person lost in luxury remains worried about maintaining status, wealth, and possessions. Thus, the true treasure lies in inner stability, not in external indulgence.
To live by this thought is to embrace a philosophy of balance. It does not reject comforts altogether, but reminds us that excessive luxury leads to poverty of the heart. Contentment teaches gratitude, humility, and self-sufficiency, while luxury often fuels greed, envy, and dependence.
Therefore, “Contentment is natural wealth; luxury is artificial poverty” is more than a moral statement—it is a guiding principle for individual happiness, ethical living, and sustainable society. True wealth lies in being content with what we have, in nurturing relationships, and in cultivating inner peace. Luxury, unless controlled, only deepens the poverty of desire. In the end, it is not what we own that defines us, but how peacefully and meaningfully we live.