The Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress, held in March 1931, was significant for consolidating the outcomes of the Civil Disobedience Movement and endorsing the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. It marked a new phase in Congress strategy, balancing negotiations with the British and mass mobilization. Background The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1931), initiated with the Salt March, …
The Salt March, also called the Dandi March, was a pivotal act of civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt monopoly and salt tax. It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement and symbolized mass non-violent resistance across India. Background The British salt tax made it illegal for Indians to collect …
Gandhi’s 11 Points were a set of demands and reforms proposed by Mahatma Gandhi to guide social, economic, and political reconstruction in India. These points reflected his vision of Swaraj as not only political independence but also social and moral upliftment of the nation. Background Gandhi believed that political freedom alone was insufficient; India needed …
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement signed on 5th March 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin. It marked a significant moment in India’s freedom struggle, temporarily pausing the Civil Disobedience Movement and opening the door for negotiations between the Congress and the British government. Background The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1931), …
The late 1920s marked a shift in the Indian freedom struggle, with the emergence of radical leaders and youth groups demanding complete independence (Purna Swaraj). This period represented a departure from earlier moderate approaches and set the stage for mass movements under Gandhi. Background Disappointment with British response to constitutional reforms, such as the Simon …
The Civil Disobedience Movement was the second major nationwide campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the Purna Swaraj Declaration (1929). It aimed at challenging British authority through non-violent law-breaking and mass participation, bringing millions of Indians into active political struggle. Background The Lahore Session of Congress (1929) declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as the ultimate …
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, held in December 1929, was a landmark in India’s freedom struggle. It marked the formal adoption of complete independence (Purna Swaraj) as the ultimate goal of the nationalist movement. Background The failure of the Nehru Report (1928) and rejection of Muslim demands caused frustration among Congress leaders. …
The Fourteen Points were a constitutional scheme proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1929 as a response to the Nehru Report (1928). They were aimed at safeguarding the political rights of Muslims and ensuring their adequate representation in any future self-governing India. Background The Nehru Report (1928) had rejected separate electorates for Muslims, which alarmed …
The Nehru Report was the first major Indian attempt to draft a constitution for the country, prepared in response to the Simon Commission (1928), which had excluded Indians from constitutional discussions. It reflected the aspirations of Indian leaders for self-government within the British Empire. Background The Simon Commission (1928) did not include any Indian members, …
The Simon Commission, officially called the Indian Statutory Commission, was appointed by the British government to review the working of the Government of India Act (1919) and suggest reforms. Its arrival sparked nationwide protests as it excluded Indians from its membership, highlighting British disregard for Indian opinion. Background The Government of India Act (1919) had …