The salt budget of the ocean refers to the balance between the addition and removal of salts in ocean water over time. While the ocean is constantly undergoing changes due to various natural processes, its average salinity has remained relatively stable for millions of years. This balance is maintained through a dynamic system where salts …
The heat budget of the ocean refers to the balance between the heat energy the ocean receives from the Sun and the heat it loses back into the atmosphere. This balance is crucial in regulating Earth’s climate, driving ocean currents, and supporting marine life. Oceans act as vast heat reservoirs, absorbing, storing, and distributing solar …
Theory of Cycle of Erosion by Penck emphasizes that uplift and erosion occur simultaneously and that the shape of landforms is determined by the rate of uplift and erosion, not solely by time. He rejected Davis’s time-dependent stages (youth, maturity, old age). The Theory of Cycle of Erosion was propounded by Walther Penck, a German …
1 2 Uplifted Peneplain An uplifted peneplain is a geomorphic feature that represents an ancient, nearly flat land surface that has been uplifted and exposed due to tectonic forces or other geological processes. Peneplains are characterized by their low relief and extensive erosion, and they are considered to be mature landscapes resulting from prolonged weathering …
Regional Planning in India reveals a multifaceted and often challenging endeavour to harmonize development across a nation of unparalleled diversity. It’s a continuous learning process, shaped by economic shifts, political realities, and the persistent quest for equitable and sustainable growth. Early Post-Independence Era (1950s-1960s): Centralized National Planning Dominant Paradigm: Immediately after independence, India adopted a highly …
World industries can be examined by their spatial distribution, the factors that dictate their location, and the profound problems that arise from these patterns. It’s about understanding where economic activities happen, why they choose those places, and what the consequences are for people and the planet. My focus here will largely be on manufacturing (secondary) …
World Industries: Location Patterns and Problems Read More »
Understanding the patterns of world trade involves examining the complex web of goods, services, and capital flowing across international borders. It’s about mapping the origins, destinations, volumes, and compositions of these exchanges, and critically analyzing the factors that drive them, as well as their implications for regions and nations. What is World Trade? World trade …
Famine is the most severe and catastrophic form of food insecurity, characterized by a widespread and extreme scarcity of food that leads to widespread malnutrition, starvation, and death. It’s a technical classification used by international humanitarian agencies (like the UN’s Integrated Food Security Phase Classification – IPC) when specific, dire conditions are met in a …
Agricultural inputs and productivity encompasses not just economic efficiency, but also spatial patterns, environmental sustainability, and the socio-economic landscapes they shape. It’s about understanding where agriculture happens, how it interacts with its environment, and who benefits or is impacted. Agricultural Inputs: The Building Blocks of Cultivation Agricultural inputs are the resources, materials, and services that …
Forest Resources: Forests are ecosystems rich in biodiversity and provide vital services such as timber, fuelwood, medicinal plants, fodder, and non-timber forest products. They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, protecting watersheds, and regulating the climate. Wildlife Resources: Wildlife includes all native species of animals, birds, insects, and plants living in the wild. …
Forest and wild life resources and their conservation Read More »