The shift from cooperative federalism to competitive federalism in India represents a significant evolution in the country’s federal structure and governance. Here’s an explanation of this transition: Cooperative Federalism: Historical Perspective: Cooperative federalism in India was the dominant approach during the early years of independence. The framers of the Constitution envisioned a federal system where …

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Judicial Activism and Judicial Overreach are two terms often used in the context of the judiciary’s role in interpreting and shaping laws. While they share similarities, they have distinct differences: Judicial Activism: Explanation: Judicial activism refers to a proactive approach taken by judges in interpreting the law and the Constitution. It involves a willingness on …

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Delegation in the context of management and organizational leadership offers several advantages, two of which are: Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity: Delegation allows managers to distribute tasks and responsibilities among their team members or subordinates. By doing so, managers can leverage the skills, expertise, and knowledge of their team members to complete tasks more efficiently. When …

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Two factors affecting the span of control are: Nature of the work: If the work is simple and repetitive, the span of control can be wider. However, if the work is complex and requires close supervision, the span of control must be narrower. Ability of the manager: Some managers are more capable of supervising large numbers of …

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Public Administration, as a discipline, encompasses various branches and subfields that focus on different aspects of public governance and administration. Here are three prominent branches of Public Administration: Public Policy Analysis: Explanation: Public policy analysis is a branch of Public Administration that examines the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of public policies. It involves the systematic …

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Two basic elements of New socialism propounded by Ram Manohar Lohia are: Decentralization: Lohia believed that centralization of power leads to corruption and inequality. He advocated for a decentralized political and economic system in which power is vested in the people and their local communities. Social justice: Lohia was a strong advocate of social justice and equality. …

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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs, held economic ideas that were rooted in the broader principles of socialism, self-sufficiency, and equitable distribution of resources. While Patel’s primary focus was on political and administrative integration during the challenging period after …

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The four objectives of humankind narrated by Deendayal Upadhyaya are: 1. Dharma (moral duties) 2. Artha (wealth) 3. Kama (desire or satisfaction) 4. Moksha (total liberation or ‘salvation’) Upadhyaya believed that these four objectives are hierarchically organized, with dharma being the most basic and moksha being the ultimate objective. He also believed that these objectives …

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The media plays a crucial role in elections by serving as a primary source of information and communication between political candidates, parties, and the electorate. Its role encompasses various dimensions that impact the electoral process and democracy as a whole: Informative Role: The media acts as a critical source of information for voters. It disseminates …

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Self-help groups (SHGs) offer several advantages to their members, especially in the context of socio-economic development and empowerment. Some of the major advantages of self-help groups include: Financial Inclusion: SHGs often provide financial services to their members, including savings and credit facilities. Members pool their savings, which can be used to provide loans to members …

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